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In this exercise, you will once again use the States data set, this time to analyze changes in the level of poverty between 2000 and 2000. We will use the Descriptives command to generate output. . Find and click the SPSS icon on your desktop. . Load the States data set. . From the menu bar across the top of the SPSS window. click Analyze, Descriptive Statistics, and Descriptives. . In the list of variables, find FamPoor00 (the percentage of families below the poverty line in each state in 2000) and FamPoor09 (the percentage of families below the poverty line in 2009). Click the arrow to move the variable names into the box on the right. . Click the Options tab and check the box to select the Range. Click Continue and then click OK . OPTIONAL: To get boxplots for these variables: . Click Graphs, Legacy Dialogs, and Boxplot. . On the Boxplot window, check "Summaries of separate variables" and then click Define . Find Fampoor00 and Fampoor09 in the list of variables, and click the arrow to move the variable names into the "Boxes Represent" box. . Click OK. Write a paragraph describing the changes in family poverty between 2000 and 2009. Be sure to discuss central tendency and dispersion separately, and clearly identify each statistic. (OPTIONAL: Include an analysis of the boxplots.) It may be helpful to model your paragraph on one of the discussions presented earlier in this chapter.SOC: On the scale mentioned in problem 5.7, if a score of 40 or more is considered "highly prejudiced," what is the probability that a person selected at random will have a score in that range? Problem 5.7: A scale measuring prejudice has been administered to a large sample of respondents. The distribution of scores is approximately normal, with a mean of 31 and a standard deviation of 5. What percentage of the sample had scores a. below 20? b. below 40? C. between 30 and 40? d. between 35 and 45? e. above 25? f. above 35?CJ: The local police force gives all applicants an entrance exam and accepts only those applicants who score in the top 15%% on this test. If the mean score this year is 87 and the standard deviation is 8, would an individual with a score of 110 be accepted?\fFor each of the following confidence levels, determine the corresponding _ score. Confidence Area Level Alpha Beyond Z 959 0.05 0.0250 $ 1.06 92% 989%You have developed a series of questions to measure job satisfaction of bus drivers in New York City. A random sample of 100 drivers has an average score of 10.8, with a standard deviation of 2.8. What is your estimate of the average job satisfaction score for the population of all NYC bus drivers? Use the 95% confidence level.CJ: A random sample of 100 inmates at a maximum security prison shows that exactly 10 of the respondents had been the victims of violent crime during their incarceration. Estimate the proportion of victims for the population as a whole, using the 90% confidence level. (Hint Calculate the sample proportion Ps before using Formula 6.3. Remember that proportions are equal to frequency divided by N.)SOC: The survey mentioned in problem 8.5 found that 25 of the 178 households consisted of unmarried couples who were living together. What is your estimate of the population proportion? Use the 95%% level. Problem 6.5: SOC A researcher has gathered information from a random sample of 178 households. For each variable below, construct confidence intervals to estimate the population mean. Use the 90%% level. 3. An average of 2.3 people resides in each household. Standard deviation is .35. b. There was an average of 2.1 television sets (s = .10) and .78 telephones (s = .55) per household. c. The households averaged 8.0 hours of television viewing per day (s = 3.0).For each of the following three sample sizes, construct the 95% confidence interval for the population proportion. Use a sample proportion of 0.40 throughout. What happens to interval width as sample size increases? Why? P . = 0.40 Sample A: N = 100 Sample B: N = 1000 Sample C: N = 10.000PS: Two individuals are running for mayor of Shinbone. Kansas. You conduct an election survey a week before the election and find that 51% of the respondents prefer candidate A. Can you predict a winner? Use the 09% level. Hint: In a two-candidate race, what percentage of the vote would the winner need? Does the confidence interval indicate that candidate A has a sure margin of victory? Remember that while the population parameter is probably (a 5 .01) in the confidence interval, it may be anywhere in the interval.) P - 0.51 N - 5THSOC: The fraternities and sororities at St. Algebra College have been plagued by declining membership over the past several years and want to know if the incoming freshman class will be a fertile recruiting ground. Not having enough money to survey all 1,800 freshmen, they commission you to survey the interests of a random sample. You find that 35 of your 150 respondents are "extremely" interested in social clubs. At the 95%% level, what is your estimate of the number of freshmen who would be extremely interested? Hint: The high and low values of your final confidence interval are proportions. How can proportions also be expressed as numbers?)You are the automotive specialist for the monthly magazine Consumer Beware. Part of your job is to investigate the claims made by automakers in their TV commercials. You are particularly suspicious of a new economy car that the automaker claims will get 78 miles per gallon. After checking the mileage figures for a random sample of 125 owners of this car, you find an average miles per gallon of 75.5, with a standard deviation of 3.7. At the 99%% level, do your results tend to confirm or refute the manufacturer's claims?SOC: A school system has assigned several hundred "chronic and severe" underachievers to an alternative educational experience. To assess the program, a random sample of 35 students has been selected for comparison with all students in the system. a. In terms of GPA, did the program work? Systemwide GPA Program GRA A - 2.47 X - 255 5 - 0.70 b. In terms of absenteeism (number of days missed per year). what can be said about the success of the program? Systemwide Program A G.137 X = 4.76 8 - 1.11 N - 35 c. In terms of standardized test scores in math and reading, was the program a success? Math Test- Math Test- Systemwide Program P - 103 X = 106 9 - 20 N - 35 Reading Test- Reading Test- Systemwide Program A = 110 X = 113 5 - 20 N - 35 (Hint: Note the wording of the research questions. Is a one-failed fest justified? Is the program a success if the students in the program are no different from students systemwide? What if the program students were performing at lower levels? If a one-failed fest is used, what form should the research hypothesis take? Where will the critical region begin?A random sample of 113 felons convicted of nonviolent crimes in a state prison system completed a program designed to improve their employment possibilities before being released on parole. Fifty-eight eventually became repeat offenders. Is this recidivism rate significantly different from the rate for all offenders in that state (57%)? Summarize your conclusions in a sentence or two. (HINT: You must use the information given in the problem to compute a sample proportion. Remember to convert the population percentage to a proportion.)CJ: Statewide, the police clear by arrest 35% of the robberies and 42%% of the aggravated assaults reported to them. A researcher takes a random sample of all the robberies (N = 207) and aggravated assaults (N = 178) reported to a metropolitan police department in one year and finds that 83 of the robberies and 80 of the assaults were cleared by arrest. Are the local arrest rates significantly different from the statewide rate? Write a sentence or two interpreting your decision.SW: You are the head of an agency seeking funding for a program to reduce unemployment among teenage males. Nationally, the unemployment rate for this group is 18%. A random sample of 323 teenage males in your area reveals an unemployment rate of 21.7%. Is the difference significant? Can you demonstrate a need for the program? Should you use a one- tailed test in this situation? Why? Explain the result of your test of significance as you would to a funding agency