The academic debate on these issues goes back to Modigliani/Miller (1958, 1963) who has shown that changes in the firm's financial policy do not affect its value if shareholders can replicate or reverse these decisions at zero cost. Since hedging policies are equivalent to general changes in the firm's financial structure, they also fail to enhance firm value as long as the basic assumptions of Modigliani- Miller are met. In the presence of market imperfections, reducing the firm's performance volatility can increase the net cash flows accruing to shareholders either directly, by generating tax or transaction cost savings, or indirectly, by improving the contractual relations with company stakeholders. Corporate hedging can also help to reduce the firm's cost of capital which raises the present value of futurenet cash flow(inflow+outflow)streams. For corporate hedging to make sense, it must however further hold that it is the least costly way of obtaining these value increases.

Required:

1.Use relevant literature to critically evaluatewhy all shareholders benefit from corporate risk management activities independent of their attitudes towardsrisk.

(hint: What is corporate risk management, why there should be corporate risk management which is independent not dependent. How shareholder are benefiting from enterprise risk management, what is their attitude (perspective, view) toward the risk(low, medium, high risk), the pros & cons).

2.why do shareholders have an incentive to delegate risk management activities to the firm's management rather than to treat it as part of their personal portfolio optimisation problem.

( Hint: Incentive delegation, types of incentive which shareholder provide, why shareholder give incentive, include (arguments). does the shareholder have the right to involve in the management of the company, Who can involve who can't involve, What is role of firm management.)