The Anti-Kickback Statute and the Stark Laws focus on improper relationships between healthcare providers and self-referral. The Physician Payment Sunshine Act is also now bringing transparency to relationships between pharmaceutical/biotechnology companies and physicians and teaching hospitals. Should physicians and hospitals be required to publicly declare their financial relationships with other providers, pharmaceutical/biotechnology companies, family members and self-referral? Even with full transparency, can practitioners truly ensure that gifts and financial arrangements do not influence their decisions regarding referrals, using and prescribing those goods or services?