The article "Freedom of What?" (Associated Press, February 1, 2005) described a study in which high school students and high school teachers were asked whether they agreed with the following statement: "Students should be allowed to report controversial issues in their student newspapers without the approval of school authorities." Researchers hypothesized that the long-run proportion of high school teachers who would agree with the statement would differ from the long-run proportion of high school students who would agree. Two random samples - 8,000 high school teachers and 10,000 high school students - were selected from high schools in the U.S. It was reported that 39% of the teachers surveyed and 58% of the students surveyed agreed with the statement. A simulated null distribution of 1,000 differences in proportions created by using the Two Proportion applet is shown below. Total shuffles = 1000 25 Mean = -0.000 SD = 0.007 20 15 Number of shuffles 10 -0.026 -0.016 -0.006 0.004 0.014 0.024 Shuffled diff in proportions What is the strength of evidence against observed study results happening by chance alone? Very strong Moderate Weak O We cannot determine the strength of evidence from this plot.Whirling disease is a deadly disease that affects trout in Montana rivers. In a follow-up to a 2006 study conducted by the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks (FWP), researchers sought to determine if the proportion of trout afflicted by whirling disease in the Gallatin river differs between rainbow trout and brown trout. To test this theory, researchers collected a representative sample of 527 rainbow trout and 459 brown trout. Of the 527 rainbow trout collected, 120 had developed whirling disease; of the 459 brown trout collected, 74 had developed whirling disease. Based on the relative risk of whirling disease for rainbow trout compared to brown trout in this sample (1.4), does it appear that whether a trout develops whirling disease is associated with the species of trout (rainbow or brown)? Yes, since the relative risk differs from zero. Yes, since the relative risk differs from one. No, since the relative risk differs from zero. No, since the relative risk differs from one.Whirling disease is a deadly disease that affects trout in Montana rivers. In a follow-up to a 2006 study conducted by the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks (FWP), researchers sought to determine if the proportion of trout afflicted by whirling disease in the Gallatin river differs between rainbow trout and brown trout. To test this theory, researchers collected a representative sample of 527 rainbow trout and 459 brown trout. Of the 527 rainbow trout collected, 120 had developed whirling disease; of the 459 brown trout collected, 74 had developed whirling disease. Based on the conditional proportions of trout that developed whirling disease for each species (rainbow - 0.23, brown - 0.16), does it appear that whether a trout develops whirling disease is associated with the species of trout (rainbow or brown)? O No, since there were approximately the same number of trout in each species. Yes, since the proportion of trout that developed the disease was not equal to 0.5. Yes, since the conditional proportion of trout that developed the disease differed between rainbow and brown trout. Yes, since the number of trout who developed whirling disease differed from the number of trout who did not develop whirling disease.Which of the following sets of data show no association between party and sex of senator? Republican Democratic Total Male 35 25 60 Female 20 20 40 Total 55 45 100 Republican Democratic Total Male 25 10 35 Female 25 40 65 Total 50 50 100 Republican Democratic Total Male 50 0 50 Female 0 50 50 Total 50 50 100 Republican Democratic Total Male 40 40 80 Female 10 10 20 Total 50 50 100The Women's Health Study included 39,876 female health professionals aged 45 years and older who were followed for an average of 10 years (Ridker et al., 2005). At the beginning of the study, participants were randomly assigned to take either a daily low-dose aspirin or a daily placebo pill for the duration of the study. At the end of the study, researchers measured the number of participants that suffered from a heart attack during the study. Data are summarized in the following table. Low-dose Aspirin Placebo Total Heart Attack 198 193 391 No Heart Attack 19,736 19,749 39,485 Total 19,934 19,942 39,876 Does there appear to be an association between whether a woman takes low-dose Aspirin or placebo and if she suffers from a heart attack in this sample? No, since approximately the same number of women suffered from a heart attack in each group. Yes, women who took low-dose Aspirin were more likely to suffer from a heart attack. Yes, women who took low-dose Aspirin were less likely to suffer from a heart attack. We cannot determine whether an association exists without a plot