The article \"Placenta Power? Bay Area moms tout benefits of eating the organ\" describes how, despite little evidence on the effects or safety of eating the placenta, some new moms are having their placenta encapsulated and ingesting the pills with the hopes of a quicker recovery from giving birth. [Source: Yadergaran, Jessica. (2012, May 20). Placenta power? Bay Area moms tout benefits of eating the organ. The Mercury News.] Suppose a researcher wants to study the claim that ingesting the placenta hastens recovery, helps moms avoid postpartum depression, and generally increases energy after giving birth. He recruits a sample of 110 pregnant women who are willing to ingest their own encapsulated placenta after giving birth. The researcher randomly assigns 56 of these women to ingest their own encapsulated placentas, whereas the other 54 of the women ingest a placebo pill. All women ingest the pills daily for one month after giving birth. The researcher obtains a score for each participant that represents a general index of health and well-being at six weeks postpartum; a higher score indicates better health and well-being. To see the researcher's hypothetical data, download the following SPSS spreadsheet by clicking on the following words in bold: Download SPSS File (ZIP file). (Note: Using Internet Explorer is not recommended when downloading SPSS files.) The questions you will answer using SPSS The researcher hopes to use the independent-measures t test to investigate whether ingesting the placenta has an effect on the women's feeling of health and well-being at six weeks postpartum. In which of the following ways might the researcher use SPSS to help determine whether the independent-measures t test is appropriate for use with this data? 0 The researcher can obtain a histogram of the difference between the mean scores of the two groups to check if it is approximately normal. O The researcher can run the independent-measures t test and see if SPSS can produce an output of the results. If it can, the test is appropriate. 0 The researcher can obtain histograms of the scores for each sample to check whether they appear to be approximately normal. Assume that an independent-measures t test is appropriate. Use SPSS to conduct an independent-measures t test to test the nondirectional null hypothesis Ha: u, u, = 0. Looking at the significance (Sig) of Levene's Test for Equality of Variances, what should your action be? (Note: Use a significance level of u = 0.05.) 0 At a = 0.05 this result is nonsignificant, meaning that the data suggest the variances are different. Thus, you cannot assume equal variances and must use the \"Equal variances not assumed\" row of the table. 0 At a = 0.05 this result is nonsignificant, meaning that the data does not provide evidence that the variances are different. Thus, you can assume equal variances and use the \"Equal variances assumed" row of the table. 0 At a = 0.05 this result is significant, meaning that the data do not provide evidence that the variances are different. Thus, you can assume equal variances and use the \"Equal variances assumed" row of the table. O At a = 0.05 this result is significant, meaning that the data suggest the homogeneity of variance assumption has been violated. Thus, you cannot assume equal variances and must use the \"Equal variances not assumed\" row of the table. Using your output, complete the following statement of the results. (Hint: Use the results of Levene's Test for Equality of Variances to decide whether to assume that the two populations have equal variance.) The women who ingested their encapsulated placenta had 7 health and well-being scores (M = 52.32 V , SD = 7.697 V ) than those who ingested placebo pills (M = 48.59 V , SD = 9.801 V ). The difference in means is significant (p = 0.252) V , indicating that there is not v enough evidence to conclude that ingesting the encapsulated placenta improves health and well-being at six weeks postpartum. Group Statistics Std. Std. Error group N Mean Deviation Mean wellness treatment 56 52.32 7.697 1.029 control 54 48.59 9.801 1.334 Independent Samples Test Levene's Test for Equality of Variances titest for Equality of Means 95% Confidence Interval of Sig. (2 Mean Std. Error the Difference F Sig, t df tailed) Difference Difference Lower Upper wellness Equal variances 1.325 .252 2.224 108 .028 3.729 1.677 .405 7.053 assumed Equal variances not 2.214 100.523 .029 3.729 1.684 .388 7.070 assumed Independent Samples Effect Sizes Standardizera Point 95% Confidence Interval Estimate Lower Upper wellness Cohen's d 8.792 .424 .045 .801 Hedges' correction 8.854 .421 .045 .796 Glass's delta 9.801 .380 -.002 .759 a. The denominator used in estimating the effect sizes. Cohen's d uses the pooled standard deviation. Hedges' correction uses the pooled standard deviation, plus a correction factor. Glass's delta uses the sample standard deviation of the control group