The Bombardier Company was recently awarded a multi billion-dollar contract for a new high-performance aircraft. This project required the use of new materials in many areas of the aircraft. The aircraft incorporated a state-of-the-art concept known as fly-by-wire. Among the conventional materials no longer useful were many of the types of wire used in the electrical systems of aircraft. Fortunately, however, the electrical wire manufacturers had been brought in on the problem at an early date so that, before long, many of them could offer for sale a standard stock electrical wire capable of withstanding unusually high temperatures.

One leading electrical wire firm, Advanced Wire of Chattahoochee, Georgia, had developed a ceramic-coated wire. Other wire sources had tackled the problem in different ways. The representatives of all these companies were anxious to demonstrate their products to the engineering departments of the aircraft companies.

The engineers at the Bombardier Company, a large airframe manufacturer, were quite favorably impressed with Advanced Wire's ceramic-coated wire. They knew from previous experience that Advanced Wire had a reputation as a quality supplier of electrical wiring for the aircraft industry. Believing that Advanced's wire was the highest quality obtainable, the engineers specified it on the bill of materials.

Bill Jones bought wire and related items for the Bombardier Company. An experienced supply manager, Mr. Jones had a reputation for being conscientious and knowledgeable concerning the commodities that he purchased. When the requisition came to him to buy Advanced's ceramic-coated wire, he immediately wondered why Advanced Wire had been designated as a sole source. From his experience in buying wire, he knew Advanced to be a high-cost producer. Moreover, he always attempted to follow the Bombardier Company policy of dealing with more than one source whenever possible.

Believing that engineering may have been "sold a bill of goods" by the Advanced sales representative, Mr. Jones decided to telephone the engineering department to learn what specifications governed the wire in question. Mr. Jones did not want the engineer he was telephoning to think that, despite the fact that the current instance was typical of a number of similar instances, he was in any way censuring him for specifying Advanced Wire as a sole source. The engineer explained that the wire was of a special nature, designed to withstand extremely high temperatures. He also said that Advanced's wire was the highest quality obtainable and that in his judgment, it should be purchased to fill the current need.

Mr. Jones pointed out to the engineer that there were many thousands of types of electrical wiring. He said that all of these types were made according to some sort of specificationeither military specifications, wire industry specifications, or specifications established by the purchaser. Mr. Jones also said that a rule of the Bombardier supply management department required a supply manager to know about any governing specifications before issuing a purchase order. After a few more minutes of conversation, the engineer said that he would attempt to locate the governing specifications and send them over to Mr. Jones.

In the meantime, Mr. Jones got in touch with the local representative of Advanced Wire to request samples of its ceramic-coated wire and price quotations. When the quotations were submitted, Mr. Jones observed that once again Advanced's prices were higher than those of the industry in general. Yet he realized that this particular wire might well be a more expensive item to manufacture as a result of its ceramic-coating feature.

Several days later, Mr. Jones received the specifications for the wire. The specifications were of the military standard type and listed the performance requirements that the wire was to meet. They said nothing about whether the wire was to have a ceramic coating.

Accordingly, Mr. Jones solicited quotations from the other qualified suppliers and asked that samples be submitted to him that would meet the performance requirements of the specifications. Five other suppliers submitted samples and price quotations. On receipt of the samples, Mr. Jones forwarded the samples, along withAdvanced's sample, to the production development laboratory of Bombardier Aircraft for analysis and evaluation. The production development laboratory was under the direction of Bombardier's inspection department and was separated both physically and organizationally from the engineering department.

A week later the report of the production development laboratory was in Mr. Jones's hands. The samples submitted by the six suppliers had undergone exhaustive tests, particularly with regard to their ability to withstand high temperatures for prolonged periods of time. One of the suppliers was eliminated from consideration when its product failed to meet performance specifications. The other five samples, including Advanced's, were found to exceed minimum performance requirements, and at extremely high temperature ranges the ceramic coating of Advanced's sample made it superior to the others. With regard to the weight of the samples (another important consideration), Advanced's wire was found to be heavier than the others.

Furthermore, the conductivity characteristics of Advanced's wire were rated as inferior to the other samples, although all the samples exceeded the minimum performance requirements and were rated as acceptable. On the abrasiveness test, Advanced's wire was found to be slightly less durable than the other suppliers' samples but, nevertheless, acceptable. These laboratory findings tended to confirm Mr. Jones's belief that the engineering department had been sold a bill of goods in specifyingAdvanced as the sole supplier. The samples submitted by four of the other suppliers had met the governing military specifications and in some ways were superior to Advanced's. While Advanced's wire withstood higher temperatures, Mr. Jones saw no need to pay a premium price for it since the wire supplied by the other suppliers met the specifications that engineering had submitted to him. With regard to price, the Easternhouse Electric Company was the lowest bidder and Advanced was the highest. The high and low bidders compared dollarwise as shown in Exhibit 1 on the quantities to be purchased.

Size	Advanced price (per 1,000 ft)	Eastern-house price (per 1,000 ft)	Quantity to be purchased (in 1,000 ft)	Advanced total price	Eastern-house total price	Difference in total price
20 gauge	$55.2	$21.0	100	$5,520.0	$2,100.0	$3,420.0
12 gauge	102.0	50.4	70	7,140.0	3,528.0	3,612.0
10 gauge	124.6	76.9	120	14,952.0	9,228.0	5,724.0
8 gauge	243.6	129.6	40	9,744.0	5,184.0	4,560.0
4 gauge	399.9	248.4	20	7,998.0	4,968.0	3,030.0
Totals				$45,354.0	$25,008.0	$20,346.0

The delivery schedules required by Bombardier posed no particular problem since all five of the qualified suppliers seemed capable of meeting required delivery dates.

The laboratory report and the price quotations were then sent by Mr. Jones to the engineering department, along with a request that the supply management department be authorized to place the order with any company that could meet the military specifications. The engineering department refused Mr. Jones's request, maintaining that Advanced was the only company that could manufacture wiring that would meet the requirements of Bombardier's engineering department. The engineers stated further that since Advanced had been the first company to develop this particular wire, the purchase order should be placed with it. In conclusion, they reiterated their claim that Advanced had a superior product that would justify any price differential.

can you please explain what kind of procurement this is and what is the organizational structure?