The busiest airports in the U.S. (e.g., Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles) are often in need of more air-traffic controllers, but the training of new controllers is very costly. Therefore, a rigorous selection procedure must be devised that will accurately determine what individuals should be accepted for training and what individuals should be rejected. Imagine that a group of psychologists have been hired to devise such a selection procedure, and that they have identified two important factors in an air-traffic controller's job: (a) memory and (b) stress tolerance. Memory is important because controllers must remember several abstract pieces of information (e.g., flight numbers, altitudes, runway assignments, signal codes for radio transmissions). The ability to tolerate stress is important because controllers must remain at their stations for extended periods of time under conditions of constant pressure. This group of psychologists has developed the following three tests: (a) A test of short-term memory (b) A test of long-term memory (c) A test of stress tolerance. In each of these tests, THE HIGHER THE SCORE, THE BETTER THE PERFORMANCE. Imagine that you have been hired to determine the validity of the three tests that were developed. In other words, you must determine whether or not these three tests really do measure a person's ability to be an effective air-traffic controller. You decide that a good way to carry out this validation procedure is to see how well each of these tests predicts the effectiveness of current air-traffic controllers. You therefore ask the air traffic control tower manager to rate 15 of the current air-traffic controllers on a scale from to 10 Very Incompetent. 1 Very Competent You then give each of these 15 current air-traffic controllers the three tests devised by the group of psychologists. [Problem #5 is continued on the next page.] Funk NAME The ratings and the test scores for the 15 controllers are listed in the following table: Bailey RATING 3.0 Baker 1.5 SHORT TERM MEMORY 17 LONG TERM MEMORY STRESS TOLERANCE 15 18 Garcia 5.0 15 H 14 Golden 9.5 8 9 9 Harmon 8 1.0 10 7 Jackson 17 15 18 8.0 Kremer 9 9 8 4.5 Ludwig 12 8 13 3.0 McBride 15 16 16 10.0 O'Malley 9 14 . 4.5 7 8 13 Potter 3.5 10 13 8 Rizzo 3.0 10 16 Smith 10 7.0 10 14 Stokley 2.5 9 10 Wilson 5.5 Please report: (a) How well each of the tests predicts air-traffic controller effectiveness. In other words: What is each r-value? Which of these r-values are statistically significant (and at what level of 47 What do these significant r-values tell us about the relationship of each test with air-traffic controller effectiveness? What is the coefficient of determination for each of these tests? (b) In your report on the validity of the three tests that were developed, what would you -in other words, what tests should be kept in the selection process for new recommend air-traffic controllers and what tests should not be used