The Case of Clever Hans Period of Study: 1911 Case Studies Introduction: A horse, Clever Hans, grew famous throughout Europe for his startling ability to answer questions. Taught by his owner, Mr. von Osten, Hans seemed to be able to add, subtract, multiply, divide, spell, and solve prob- lems, even when his owner was not around. Oskar Pfungst decided to investigate the humanlike intelli- gence of the horse. Hypothesis: Two different hypotheses are involved in this case. First, Mr. von Osten, believing that horses could be as intelligent as humans, hypothesized that he could teach Hans some problem-solving abili- ties. Pfungst, on the other hand, believed that horses could not learn such things and, while investigating this theory, developed a hypothe- Isis that Hans, the horse, was reacting to visual cues to answer questions. Method: Mr. von Osten, a German mathe- matics teacher, started by showing Hans an object while saying "One" and at the same time lifting Hans's foot once. Von Osten would lift Hans's foot twice for two objects, and so on. Eventually Hans learned to tap his hoof the cor- rect number of times when von Osten called out a number. For four years, von Osten worked with Hans on more and more complex problems, until Hans was able to answer any question given him. Upon hearing of the amazing horse, Pfungst grew skeptical and investigated. Pfungst soon discovered that Hans responded correctly to questions only when the questioner had calculated the answer first. Then Pfungst realized that Hans's answers proved wrong when the horse could not see the questioner. To test his hypothesis, Pfungst fitted the horse with blind- ers. The horse failed to answer the questions. Eventually Pfungst realized that the questioner would unknowingly give Hans clues as to the right answer. For example, after asking a ques- tion, the questioner would lean forward to watch Hans's foot. This was a cue for Hans to start tapping. Pfungst observed that "as the experimenter straightened up, Hans would stop AL tapping, he found that even the raising of his eyebrows was sufficient. Even the dilation of the questioner's nostrils was a cue for Hans to stop tapping." (Pfungst, 1911) Questioners involuntarily performed these actions, and Hans responded to the visual signals. Results: Von Osten believed that he had been teaching the horse how to solve problems and answer questions, when in fact he had been teaching Hans to make simple responses to simple signals. Pfungst had uncovered errors in von Osten's experiments. Von Osten had practiced a self-fulfilling prophecy-he had unintentionally communicated to Hans how he expected the horse to behave. Pfungst had learned the truth by isolating the conditions under which Hans correctly and incorrectly answered questions. He had carefully observed the participant's reactions under controlled conditions. Analyzing the Case Study 1. How did Mr. von Osten test his hypothesis? 2. What errors did von Osten make while testing his hypothesis? 3. Critical Thinking If Pfungst had not come along and found the truth, how could we discover today how Hans answered the questions?