The. Chapter Introduction to International OrganizationsThere are two major groups of international organizations:1- Inter-Governmental Organizations. (IGOs)2- Non-Governmental Organizations. (NGOs) What do you think international organizations exist?What do you think is the difference between a governmental organization and a non-governmental organization?Give some examples of inter-governmental organizations. Inter-Governmental Organizations (IGOs):An international, inter-governmental organization (IGO) is an entity created by an agreement between states and having states as its constituent members. Does an IGO possess a legal personality? Is it a legal entity?If it does have a legal personality, where do we look to verify the extent to which it possesses a legal personality? Loading...Legal Capacity of IGOsAn IGO does possess a legal personality or international capacity.The degree to which an IGO possesses international capacity or legal personality depends, in part, upon the degree of capacity conferred to it by its constituent document (founding instrument). Its capacity may evolve through practice and may be deduced from its overall purposes. To some degree the ability of the an IGO to exercise the international capacity will be determined by the will of its members.Determining International CapacityTo determine the international capacity of an organization, one should look at the following:1- Constituent document.2- Agreements it may have entered into with its members.3- 1 & 2 above cannot possibly cover all issues of capacity that may arise in the course of the organization's development. Such issues can only be resolved through practice and legal inference.Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United NationsOVERVIEW OF THE CASEAs a consequence of the assassination in September 1948, in Jerusalem, of Count Folke Bernadotte, the United Nations Mediator in Palestine, and other members of the United Nations Mission to Palestine, the General Assembly asked the Court whether the United Nations had the capacity to bring an international claim against the State responsible with a view to obtaining reparation for damage caused to the Organization and to the victim. If this question were answered in the affirmative, it was further asked in what manner the action taken by the United Nations could be reconciled with such rights as might be possessed by the State of which the victim was a national.Reparations for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United NationsIn its Advisory Opinion of 11 April 1949, the Court held that the Organization was intended to exercise functions and rights which could only be explained on the basis of the possession of a large measure of international personality and the capacity to operate upon the international plane. It followed that the Organization had the capacity to bring a claim and to give it the character of an international action for reparation for the damage that had been caused to it.The Court further declared that the Organization can claim reparation not only in respect of damage caused to itself, but also in respect of damage suffered by the victim or persons entitled through him. Although, according to the traditional rule, diplomatic protection had to be exercised by the national State, the Organization should be regarded in international law as possessing the powers which, even if they are not expressly stated in the Charter, are conferred upon the Organization as being essential to the discharge of its functions. The Organization may require to entrust its agents with important missions in disturbed parts of the world. In such cases, it is necessary that the agents should receive suitable support and protection. The Court therefore found that the Organization has the capacity to claim appropriate reparation, including also reparation for damage suffered by the victim or by persons entitled through him. The risk of possible competition between the Organization and the victim's national State could be eliminated either by means of a general convention or by a particular agreement in any individual case.Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)A non-governmental organization (NGO) is a private organization made up of individuals or groups with chapters of the organization in more than one country. NGOs deal with a variety of international issues.Greenpeace (environmental matters), Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International (Human Rights, death penalty, war crimes), International Committee of the Red Cross/ Red Crescent, World Wildlife Fund (species conservation and environmental matters), Oxfam (world hunger), People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals PETA (Animal Rights).Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs)NGOs often are the first to bring issues to the attention of the international communities.Since the 1960s, an enormous number of NGOs was created.Art. 71 of the UN Charter States that the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) may consult with NGOs in matters concerned with their competence. Several thousands NGOs now have consultative status with ECOSOC.NGOs may help in drafting agreements and encouraging states to ratify and even help with enforcement (naming and shaming)NGOs allow individuals to be intimately involved in international problems and their solutions.Loading...Non-State ActorsNon-State Actors are loosely structured international non-governmental paramilitary organizations. An example of such an organization is Al Qaeda.International Law has not yet found a satisfactory place for theses non-state actors in the framework of the international law.International Status of IndividualsIn the past, a state owed aliens traveling within its territory certain duties.A state did not have any obligation to admit an alien to its territory, but if it did then it owes duties of care towards those aliens.If the state breached that obligation, the person had the right to seek a remedy in that foreign state.If he was not remedied, he could then seek remedy at the international level.His home state can pursue a remedy for the injury but for the state and not directly on behalf of the citizen. In theory, if a foreign national was injured in another state, the state of the injured individual was the one that suffered injury.International Status of IndividualsAs Human Rights Law developed, it became clear that people have personal rights attached to themselves (not their state of nationality) and also have responsibility.Many human rights treaties allow for individuals to seek a remedy on the international level (requires consent of the states concerned).In the EU, there is the European Court for Human Rights.If an individual commits atrocities such as genocide they might face trials in front of international tribunals for that matters. (requires consent of the states concerned).Rights and obligations of individuals are on the rise in International law and the international status of individuals as well.

Assignment Content Question 1 Please Write a 1-2 reaction paper on NGO/IGO lecture. Use the editor to format your