the class believes that focusing on mortality elicits more fear than focusing on an important exam. To examine his hypothesis, the class randomly assigned 76 participants to answer 2 open-ended questions regarding death (mortality salience) and 90 participants to answer 2 openended questions regarding taking an important exam (exam salience). After writing about death or an important exam, participants answered 6-items related to fear; a fear score was created by taking the mean of these items for each participant (lower scores mean less fear; higher scores mean more fear). Items included: "Afraid"; "Scared"; "Frightened"; "Nervous"; "Jittery"; and "Shaky."

Did participants who answered two open-ended questions regarding death (mortality salience) exhibit significantly greater fear relative to participants who answered two open-ended questions about taking an important exam (exam salience)?

Data: Mortality Condition (Mfear = 2.04, SDfear = .82, N = 76); Exam Condition (Mfear = 2.18, SDfear = .91, N = 90)

a. Determine the independent variable, levels of the independent variable, and the dependent variable

b. State the null as well as the alternative hypothesis. Be sure to include symbols and words.

c. Identify the critical value and draw a rejection region. Be sure to note the alpha level (i.e., the criterion) and degrees of freedom associated with this value.

d. Calculate the appropriate t-test to answer this question

e. Reject or retain the null hypothesis, make a statement regarding the population mean difference, make a statement regarding the direction of the effect, interpret the pvalue associated with the sample mean difference (i.e., make a statement regarding the likelihood of the sample mean difference if the null hypothesis is true).

f. Calculate a 95% confidence interval of the population mean difference and interpret

g. Calculate the d effect size and interpret.

TABLE D The t distribution* Confidence interval percents (two-tailed) 80% 90% 95% 98% 99% 99.9% a level for two-tailed test 20 .10 05 02 .01 001 a level for one-tailed test df .10 05 .025 .01 005 0005 3.078 6.314 12.71 31.82 63.66 536.6 1.886 2.920 4.303 6.965 9.925 31.598 1.638 2.353 3.182 4.541 5.841 12.924 1.533 2.132 2.776 3.747 4.604 8.610 1.476 2.015 2.571 3.365 4.032 6.869 1.440 1.943 2.447 3.143 3.707 5.959 1.415 1.895 2.365 2.998 3.499 5.408 UAWNEO DOO Va LAWN- 1.397 1.860 2.306 2.896 3.355 5.041 1.383 1.833 2.262 2.821 3.250 4.781 1.372 1.812 2.228 2.764 3.169 4.587 1.36 1.796 2.201 2.718 3.106 4.437 1.356 1.782 2.179 2.681 3.055 4.318 1.350 1.771 2.160 2.650 3.012 4.221 1.345 1.761 2.145 2.624 2.977 4.140 1.341 1.753 2.131 2.602 2.947 4.073 16 1.337 1.746 2.120 2.583 2.921 4.015 17 1.333 1.740 2.110 2.567 2.898 3.965 18 1.330 1.734 2.101 2.552 2.878 3.922 19 1.328 1.729 2.093 2.539 2.861 3.883 1.325 1.725 2.086 2.528 2.845 3.850 1.323 1.721 2.080 2.518 2.831 3.819 1.321 1.717 2.074 2.508 2.819 3.792 1.319 1.714 2.069 2.500 2.807 3.767 1.318 1.711 2.064 2.492 2.797 3.745 1.316 1.708 2.060 2.485 2.787 3.725 1.315 1.706 2.056 2.479 2.779 3.707 1.314 1.703 2.052 2.473 2.771 3.690 1.313 1.701 2.048 2.467 2.763 3.674 1.311 1.699 2.045 2.462 2.756 3.659 1.310 1.697 2.042 2.457 2.750 3.646 1.303 1.684 2.021 2.423 2.704 3.551 50 1.29 1.676 2.009 2.403 2.678 3.496 1.296 1.671 2.000 2.390 2.660 3.460 80 1.292 1.664 1.990 2.374 2.639 3.416 100 1.290 1.660 1.984 2.364 2.626 3.390 120 1.289 1.658 1.980 2.358 2.617 3.373 1.282 1.645 1.960 2.326 2.576 3.291 * To be significant, the / obtained from the data must be equal to or greater than the value shown in the table. Source: Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education Ltd