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The countries of both Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are characterized by patron-client political systems. (a)What aspects of their respective

The countries of both Sub-Saharan Africa and the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) are characterized by patron-client political systems.

  1. (a)What aspects of their respective histories and present realities have led to the pervasiveness of these systems?
  2. (b)What are some of the differences in the way these patron-client relations are exercised in oil- exporting and non-oil-exporting countries in MENA?
  3. (c)How does this"clientelism"relate to the phenomenon of failed states in Sub-Saharan Africa?

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