The data in the following table are representative of the results obtained in a study representing pain level in 2 different groups (after holding a hand in cold water and saying different words) of n = 9 participants.

Participant Neutral Word Swearing

A 9 7

B 9 8

C 9 5

D 4 5

E 10 8

F 9 4

G 6 5

H 10 10

I 6 2

a. Treat the data as if the scores are from an independent-measures study using two separate amples, each with n = 9 participants. Compute the pooled variance, the estimated standard error for the mean difference, and the independent-measures t statistic. Using a alpha = .05, is there a significant difference between the two sets of scores?

b. Now assume the data is from a repeated-measures study using the same sample of n=9 participants in both treatment conditions. Compute the variance for the sample of difference scores, the estimated standard error for the mean difference, and the repeated-measures t statistic. Using alpha=.05, is there a significant different between the two sets of scores?