The data in the table below are taken from Amahl, mostly at age 2.60 (years.days). They illustrate the production patterns that characterize his outputs at this stage. Very similar patterns are observed across learners of English and other languages.

If we assume that Amahl's stored forms are equivalent to the adult surface forms (SRs), several rules must apply to derive his surface forms. Your job is to figure out the patterns and to express these patterns with rules that make reference to natural classes defined in articulatory terms (e.g., nasals, voiced stops, etc.). You otherwise don't need to worry about the rule notation you use; just make sure your descriptions are clear (e.g., nasals are deleted in word-final position).

Note that more than one rule can apply to a given word, even to the same segment in a given word. For example, the fricative /s/ may be realized as [d] through the operation of two rules: one which turns fricatives into stops and one which accounts for the change in voicing.

Recall that Amahl's dialect is Southern British English; there is no [r] in syllable-final position in this dialect. Also, some of his vowels are different from those in North American varieties.

Item #

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Adult SR

blk blt br khl khtn drk dk reip hd hlp hum us khn leidi mlk ph

Child SR

pk pt pt tt kk kn kk kk keip t

p um tut kn leidi mk pk d

Gloss

'black' 'bolt' (N) 'brush' (N/V) 'church' 'cloth' 'curtain' 'drink' 'duck' 'grape' 'hard' 'help' 'home' 'juice' 'kitchen' 'lady' 'milk' 'peg' 'other'

Item #

19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

Child Adult SR SR

phlei pei rt rt skrudraiv kudaib u tu said tait sm mt sneik eik spn pn spr p stmp tp sw w thnt tt t ru tu thai kai thrk kk w wt zu tu

Gloss

'play' 'rat' 'screw-driver' 'shoe' 'side' 'Smith' 'snake' 'spanner' 'spring' 'stamp' 'swing' 'tent' 'there' 'throw' 'tiger' 'truck' 'wash' 'zoo'

Please be specific when giving each rule by stating in which environment each rule occurs.

DELETION RULES: Several deletion rues are evidenced in the data. Some of these rules target individual segments, either in all contexts or in specific contexts. Some of these rules

target consonant clusters. Providetworules and include some example words to illustrate your rules.

Rule 1:

Rule 2:

2. RULES AFFECTING VOICING:Three rulesare required to capture Amahl's voicing patterns. Providethree rulesand include some example words to illustrate your rules.

Rule 1:

Rule 2:

Rule 3:

3. RULES AFFECTING MANNER OF ARTICULATION: One rule is required to capture Amahl's manner of articulation patterns. Provide the rule and include some example words to illustrate your rule.

Rule 1:

4. RULES AFFECTING PLACE OF ARTICULATION: Four rules are required to capture Amahl's place of articulation patterns. Provide4of them and include some example words to illustrate them.

Rule 1:

Rule 2:

rule 3:

Rule 4: