The European Social Survey (ESS) is an academically driven cross-national survey that has been conducted across Europe since 2001. The data from the E33 survey has a variable recording time spent reading newspapers (in minutes) on an average weekday. A random sample of data for couples living in Germany is stored in an Excel file Newsp_aperReading.xlsx. Download the Excel file and use Excel to undertake an appropriate hypothesis test to address the research question: Research Question: "Is the average time spent on reading newspapers on an average weekday differ between couples living in the same house in Germany? We use a paired t-test to address this research question Figure 1: Females Figure 2: Males 3 E N N 9 9 > > S m S on g g 8 w 8 to c: c: V V N N D O ll llli 50 100 150 200 250 300 50 100 150 200 250 300 Readlng times in minutes Readlng limes in minutes Figure 3: Females - Males Figure 4: Reading times a O 8 3 N .2 > m E 8 E ' 5 .3 \"3 m :42 r + ' o g I ' L . z o l y l e e E E 13 m g l 05 8 l o l:l:l: _l_ l l 200 >100 0 100 200 Females Males Differences in Reading times 1. (1 mark) Which graphical display(s) would be the best to check the normality assumption for this hypothesis? Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 1 & 2 Figure 1 & 4 Figure 2 & 4 Figure 3 & 4 The hypothesis test does not have the assumption of normality. .IQIHWPOFJ? All four figures are needed. 0 i" (1 mark) How can you check the assumption of equal variances? . Comparative boxplots could be used . Descriptive statistics such as variance, standard deviation and range could be used Both A & B could be used Both A & C could be used A B C. Descriptive statistics such as mean and median could be used D. E. F. The hypothesis test does not have the assumption of equal variances. For the remaining questions you may assume that any relevant assumptions have been met. 3. (2 marks) The absolute value of the test statistic is equal to (3dp) 4. (1 mark) The degrees of freedom is (Integer) 5. (1 mark) The pvalue of the test statistic is greater or equal to 0.05. c 6. (2 marks) What is the most appropriate conclusion for this test? A. The observed absolute difference, 13.2 minutes, is statistically significant at the 5% level. Average daily reading times could be greater for Females than for Males. B. At the 5% significance level, we do not have enough evidence to reject the null hypothesis, and average daily reading times could be the same for Females and Males. C. At the 5% significance level, we accept the null hypothesis, and average daily reading times could be the same for Females and Males. D. The observed absolute difference, 13.2 minutes, is statistically significant at the 5% level. Average daily reading times could be greater for Males than for Females. 0 0 A B C D E Females Males 112.8 204 99 53.4 78 96.6 103.2 73.8 54 34.2 67.8 79.2 63 118.2 138 148.8 87.6 100.8 68.4 82.8 82.8 22.8 73.8 57 112.8 93.6 123.6 105 102.6 109.8 98.4 73.8 63.6 72 129.6 126 106.8 87.6 93 58.2 100.8 68.4 108.6 75.6 150 109.8 99 36.6 96 187.2 136.8 111 139.2 24.6 90.6 86.4 126 78 64.8 43.2 101.4 55.2 111.6 76.8 82.8 79.2 92.4 77.4 67.2 180 169.2 15 53.4 75.6 118.8 27 148.8 23.4 85.2 68.4 110.4 81 84.6 263.4