The European vacation has been wonderful, and this stop in Lisbon is no exception. Still, after two weeks of eating his way through one of the Continent's finest pastry shops and restaurants, Gary is getting a bit of a craving for his family favorite snack$-$a good old American box of Oreos and an ice-cold carton of milk. Behind the back of his wife, Janine, he had stashed away some cookies just in case thiss was the time to break them out. Now, all he needs is the milk. On an impulse, Gary decides to surprise Janine with a mid$-$afternoon treat. He sneaks out of the hotel room while she's napping and finds the nearest grocery store. When he heads to the small refrigerated section, though, he is puzzled$-$no milk here. Gary asks the clerk, Leite, por favor? $($Milk please?$)$ The clerk quickly smiles and points to a rack in the middle of the store piled with little white square boxes. No$,$ that cant be right$-$Gary resolves to work on his Portuguese. He repeats the question, and again he gets the same answer. Finally, he investigates and sure enough, he sees the boxes with labels saying they contain ultra heat treated milk $($UHT$)$ milk. Nasty! Who in the world would drink milk out of a little box that's been sitting on a warm shelf for who knows how long? Gary unhappily returns to the hotel, his snack-time fantasies crumbling like so many hard cookies.

Answer the following prompts:$\mathrm{}$

$1.$ How can Pramalat use the just noticeable difference $($j$.$n$.$d$.)$ to ensure the consumer notices a change in the size of its pack and its price and thus communicate a good deal that involves savings?$\mathrm{}$

$2.$ How can Pramalat increase the chances that their brand would be noticed and selected by consumers who are nowadays exposed to so many branded products and commercials? Use two stimulus selection factors to answer this prompt$\mathrm{.}\mathrm{}$

$3.$ How can Pramalat use the closure principle to enhance the perception of its brand?$\mathrm{}$

$4.$ How can Pramalat use semiotics to influence consumer interpretation of its brand? Give one example only.