The executive analyzing First Solar's performance at the start of the case (p. 2) is wondering whether the acquisition of down-stream installers of solar panels has been of strategic benefit or not. In the terms of general corporate strategy language from Chapter 8, these "down-stream acquisitions" are the same concept as Question 7 options: a) Coopetition b) Backward vertical integration c) Horizontal integration d) Forward vertical integration e) Unrelated conglomerate integration