The faculty at Hopeland University have always been predominantly white. Concerned that it may be discriminating against potential nonwhite faculty members, Hopeland institutes an affirmative action program that provides that fifty percent of any new faculty positions at the university will be reserved for nonwhite applicants. Clara, who is white, applies for a faculty position at Hopeland. The position is given to a black applicant, even though Clara has more teaching experience and higher educational credentials. When Clara challenges the hiring decision by claiming that the Hopeland University affirmative action program violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment: she may be successful because the Hopeland University affirmative action program does not use quotas. she may be successful because the Hopeland University affirmative action program uses quotas. she will not be successful because the Hopeland University affirmative action program uses quotas. she will not be successful because the Hopeland University affirmative action program does not use quotas