The focus shifts to Vanguard's competitive approach to investment management. The value chain activities in this context encompass portfolio management, client services, and distribution. Certain activities, such as portfolio management, might be challenging for rivals to overcome due to Vanguard's expertise and reputation. However, being more intangible, client services might be easier for competitors to replicate. To better compete with Vanguard, a rival organization could revamp its value chain by enhancing customer service through technology, offering unique investment products, or exploring new distribution channels (Gamble et al., 2019). This strategic adaptation ensures a holistic and technologically advanced approach, creating a distinct competitive edge. Reply to above details