The following Exercise is based on summary statistics rather than raw data. This information is typically all that is presented in published reports. You can calculate inference procedures by hand from the summaries. Use the conservative Option 2 (degrees of freedom the smaller of n1−1n1−1 and n2−1n2−1 for two-sample t confidence intervals and P-values. You must trust that the authors understood the conditions for inference and verified that they apply. This isn't always true.)

Equip male and female students with a small device that secretly records sound for a random 30 seconds during each 12.5-minute period over two days. Count the words each subject speaks during each recording period, and from this, estimate how many words per day each subject speaks. The published report includes a table summarizing six such studies. Here are two of the six:

Sample Size Estimated Average Number
(SD) of Words Spoken per Day

Study	Women	Men	Women	Men
1	57	57	15528 (7606)	16058 (9142)
2	28	22	16132 (7954)	12187 (8073)

Readers are expected to understand this to mean, for example, the 57 women in the first study had x⎯⎯⎯x¯ = 15528 and s = 7606.

It is commonly thought that women talk more than men. Does either of the two samples support this idea? For each study:

(a) State the alternative hypothesis in terms of the population mean number of words spoken per day for men (μM)(μM) and for women (μF)(μF). If necessary, use != to represent ≠≠.
Study 1: μMμM____________μFμF
Study 2: μMμM____________μFμF

(b) Find the two-sample t statistic to test μF−μMμF−μM.
Study 1:
Study 2:

(c) What degrees of freedom does Option 2 use to get a conservative P-value?

Study 1:
Study 2:

(d) Compare your value of t with the critical values in Table C. What can you say about the P- value of the test?
Study 1: P- value >____________
Study 2: _________≤ P- value ≤____________