The following information is available for Gardener Corporation's pension plan for the 2017 fiscal year:

Defined benefit obligation, 1/1/17, accounting basis, before plan amendment = $255,000

Fair value of plan assets, 1/1/17 = $297,000

Current service cost = $63,000

Discount rate = 10%

Actual return on plan assets = 8%

Contributions (funding) = $79,200

Benefits paid to retirees = $43,200

On January 1, 2017, Gardener Corp. amended its pension plan, resulting in past service costs with a present value of $140,400. Gardener follows ASPE.

(a) Calculate pension expense for 2017 and prepare journal entries to record the expense and funding for the year.

(b) Determine the balance of the net defined benefit liability/asset reported on the December 31, 2017 balance sheet.

(c) develop a 2017 pension work sheet for Gardener Corporation.

(d) Identify the December 31, 2017 plan surplus or deficit and compare it with the asset or liability reported on the December 31, 2017 balance sheet.

(e) Identify what would change if Gardener Corp. applied IFRS instead of ASPE.