The following is an extract from the annual report for TCS$,2022-23.$ It is from the Chairman's letter to shareholders. Read it and answer the questions that follow.

Overview

$"$TCS continues to play a crucial role with clients to enable their business transformation, helping them accelerate new technology adoption and bring agility into execution. We work with large enterprises on transformation initiatives to build a digital foundation for the future, enable strategic leverage of data and artificial intelligence $($AI$)$ and reimagine customer and employee experiences.

Your company delivered healthy client metrics enabled by new customer additions and deep client relationships. In FY $2023,$ growth has come from broad$-$based performance across markets and industry verticals. The order book continues to be strong, indicating demand for your company's services. From a talent perspective, the employee strength grew to over $614,000$ associates with

$35\mathrm{.}7\%$ women associates.

The global environment is going through considerable changes. Geopolitical factors such as the conflict between Russia and Ukraine, rising inflation and volatile commodity prices have caused slowing down of global growth and created stress in the overall economic environment.

At the same time, the world is navigating several transitions. Undoubtedly, these transitions will require significant investments in technology and innovation, and offer a huge growth opportunity for the IT industry. The global energy transition is accelerating. Businesses are making clear commitments towards a sustainable future. There are many innovations across products, services, manufacturing, and delivery. New business models are also emerging. This requires investments in technology and innovation

sustainability compliance and reporting requirements are fast evolving as new standards and regulations are coming into play. Across the facets of this transition, investments in IT and digital technology will be an important enabler for businesses.

The supply chain transition resulting from the geo$-$political situation is altering the global supply chains. Companies are rebalancing their supply chains for resilience and efficiency. New global supply chain ecosystems are being created with India playing an important role. This is being led by significant capital investments in technology to set$-$up 'digital$-$first' manufacturing and supply chain operations as well as to build ecosystem integration with partners.

In the past decade, there has been a rapid evolution of digital technologies, bringing about a transformation across every industry. Now, the advancements in Al have made Al transition a central focus. The impact of Al and Machine learning is going to be profound. There is a transition already underway from predictive Al to generative Al$.$ Majority of the businesses are still adopting predictive Al and are on the journey of capturing large volume of data, harnessing the power of cloud and loT. There are varying levels of adoption in companies across sectors$.$ Leveraging generative Al would further require technology innovation and investments.

There is another important area that companies need to focus on $-$ building talent for the future. The energy, supply chain and Al transitions are going to require companies to reskill$/$upskill existing talent base, hire and integrate new talent and invest in research. Our technology strengths make us well$-$placed to respond to the global demand and scale up our talent base.

As the future of work is evolving, enterprises globally are also assessing their approach to talent. Today, companies can tap into talent anywhere and leaders need to learn how to harness the global talent pool effectively.

require companies to reskill$/$upskill existing talent base, hire and integrate new talent and invest in research. Our technology strengths make us well$-$placed to respond to the global demand and scale up our talent base.

As the future of work is evolving, enterprises globally are also assessing their approach to talent.Today, companies can tap into talent anywhere and leaders need to learn how to harness the global talent pool effectively. Technology and tools are facilitating collaboration and enabling virtual and hybrid models of work. Harnessing this talent will need an approach that leverages technologies like Al and cloud to enable effective employee engagement and collaboration. Your company is significantly investing in building Al capabilities which include products and platforms that are Al$-$powered. Over the last few years, your company has leveraged partnerships to design and orchestrate a completely indigenous software$-$defined $4$G$/5$G network stack. $5$G technologies along with loT, edge and Al will enable new digital transformation opportunities across industries, both industrial and consumer.

Question $1$:

In terms of Porter's Five Forces, discuss TCS in the following dimensions:

$1.$ what is the power of substitutes $?$ how do you think AI might be a substitue technology for TCS $?$