The following is financial data for McDonald's Corporation and Starbucks Corporation for the fiscal year 2023:

($ millions)	McDonald's Corporation	Starbucks Corporation
Net sales	$24,000	$36,000
Cost of sales	9,000	13,000
Gross profit	15,000	23,000
Operating expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative	5,000	9,000
Research and development	1,200	1,400
Operating income	8,800	12,600
Interest and other (income) expense	2,000	1,500
Interest and investment income	(700)	(500)
Earnings before provision for income taxes	7,500	11,600
Provision for income taxes	2,300	3,600
Net earnings	$5,200	$8,000

Required: a. Compute the return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), and return on financial leverage (ROFL) for McDonald's Corporation and Starbucks Corporation. Assume a tax rate of 30%. b. Break down the ROA into profit margin (PM) and asset turnover (AT) for both companies. Identify the primary drivers of their ROA. c. Assess the trend in net earnings over the past five years. What does it indicate about the overall financial health of the companies? d. Evaluate the debt-to-equity ratio for McDonald's Corporation and Starbucks Corporation. What does it imply about their financial risk and leverage? e. Compare the operating profit margins of McDonald's Corporation and Starbucks Corporation. What insights can be drawn about their cost control and profitability?