The following is financial data for McDonald's Corporation and Starbucks Corporation for the fiscal year 2023:

($ millions)	McDonald's Corporation	Starbucks Corporation
Net sales	$23,223	$37,634
Cost of sales	8,453	12,412
Gross profit	14,770	25,222
Operating expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative	5,139	9,987
Research and development	1,217	1,345
Operating income	8,414	13,890
Interest and other (income) expense	1,963	1,172
Interest and investment income	(612)	(456)
Earnings before provision for income taxes	7,063	13,174
Provision for income taxes	1,601	3,298
Net earnings	$5,462	$9,876

Required: a. Compute the return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), and return on financial leverage (ROFL) for McDonald's Corporation and Starbucks Corporation. Assume a tax rate of 30%. b. Break down the ROA into profit margin (PM) and asset turnover (AT) for both companies. Identify the primary drivers of their ROA. c. Assess the trend in net earnings over the past five years. What does it indicate about the overall financial health of the companies? d. Evaluate the debt-to-equity ratio for McDonald's Corporation and Starbucks Corporation. What does it imply about their financial risk and leverage? e. Compare the operating profit margins of McDonald's Corporation and Starbucks Corporation. What insights can be drawn about their cost control and profitability?