The following pages contain annual data on interest rates, inflation rates, and percentage change in exchange rates (based on indirect quotes) for foreign countries, including the US, for the period 1995 - 2007.

My Country is Switzerland, years I need to do is 2001-2006.

I am little lost what to do?

Each one of you is assigned to a foreign country and a six-year time period (1995-2000 or 2001-2006). Please consult the attached list to determine your assigned country and

time period.

Please use the attached sheets to answer the questions listed based on calculations using the data for the assigned country and the US during the assigned time period.

Use geometric instead of arithmetic averages. Use exact instead of the approximate method.

There is only one correct answer to these questions. You will be graded on whether or not your answers are correct.

The necessary information and concepts are all from Chapter 4. I will discuss the solution techniques to these problems only during class. I will not discuss them with anyone on an individual basis outside the class.

Q1. During the assigned time period:

US dollar appreciated / depreciated (choose one) in real terms against the currency of foreign country.

Q2. During the assigned period, what was the average uncovered rate of return from the US

viewpoint for the foreign country?

Q3. During the assigned period, what was the average uncovered rate of return from the foreign country's viewpoint?

Q4. Based on your answers to questions 2 and 3, given perfect hindsight about interest rates and exchange rate changes during the assigned time period you should have:

Invested/ borrowed (choose one) in the US and invested / borrowed (choose one) in foreign country.

Q5. Assume that you could both borrow and invest at the average interest rates prevailing in foreign country and in the US during the assigned time period. Also assume that you have a line of credit for one million dollars in the US or an equivalent amount in foreign country. Given perfect hindsight about interest rates and exchange rate changes, please calculate your total profit in dollars using uncovered interest arbitrage during the assigned time period if you followed the strategy chosen in Q4.

Country	CANADA
Four-year time period	1998	1999	2000	2001	Geom Avg
Inflation Rate: US	1.5	2.2	3.4	2.8
Inflation Rate: Foreign Country	1.0	1.7	2.7	2.5
Interest Rate: US	5.5	5.3	6.5	3.7
Interest Rate: Foreign Country	5.0	5.2	5.8	2.1
% Change in CD SR (Indirect quote)	7.10	0.10	0.00	4.3
% Change in CD SR (Direct quote) = [1/(1 + % change in IQ)] - 1
PPP Implications:
Annual Uncovered Rate (for US)
Annual Uncovered Rate (for Canada)
Suggest investment strategy based on IFE:

Work Sheet: Statistical Report

Geometric and Arithmetic Means of Rates and Percentages

If the rates for years 1, 2, 3, ... N are R1, R2, R3, .... RN , then you can calculate the arithmetic and geometric mean or averages of these rates over the N years, as follows:

Arithmetic Mean = (R1 + R2 + R3 + .. + RN ) / N

Geometric Mean = [(1+R1 )* (1+ R2 )* (1+ R3 ) * **(1+ RN ) ]

1/ N - 1

Note, that in the geometric mean formula, the percentages are written in decimals. For example, we use 0.10 instead of 10% and -0.02 instead of -2%. Also in the end we take the Nth root of the product, where N is the number of years in the averaging period.

It is important to know that the geometric mean is a more accurate measure than the arithmetic mean. Always try to use the geometric mean method when calculating averages of rate of returns or percentages.

Let us assume the following rates of return for the five year period (2000-2004) :

	2000	2001	2002	2003	2005
Rates of return	4.75 %	-8 %	0.5 %	23%	7 %

Our estimate of the average rate of return over the 2000-04 period based on: Arithmetic Mean = (0.0475 - 0.08 + 0.005 + 0.23 + 0.07) / 5 = 0.0545 = 5.45%

Geometric Mean = [(1+ 0.0475)*(1 - 0.08)*(1 + 0.005)*(1 + 0.23)*(1 + 0.07) ]1/ 5 - 1

= (1.02746672)1/ 5 - 1

= 0.04973 = 4.973%

4.973 % is a more accurate measure of the average return over the 2000-04 period than 5.45%

Consumer Price Index

Percent change from year ago

	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
Australia	4.6	2.6	0.2	0.9	1.5	4.5	4.4	3.0	2.8	2.3	2.7	3.5	2.3
Austria	1.6	1.8	1.2	0.8	0.5	2.0	2.3	1.7	1.3	2.0	2.1	1.7	2.2
Canada	2.1	1.6	1.6	1.0	1.7	2.7	2.5	2.3	2.8	1.9	2.2	2.0	2.1
Chile	8.2	7.4	6.1	5.1	3.3	3.8	3.6	2.5	2.8	1.1	3.0	3.4	4.4
China	17.1	8.3	2.8	-0.9	-1.4	0.3	0.5	-0.8	1.2	3.9	1.8	1.5	4.8
Denmark	2.1	2.1	2.2	1.8	2.5	2.9	2.4	2.4	2.1	1.2	1.8	1.9	1.7
Euro Area	2.6	2.1	1.7	1.2	1.1	2.2	2.4	2.3	2.1	2.1	2.2	2.2	2.1
Finland	0.4	1.1	1.2	1.3	1.3	2.9	2.7	2.0	1.3	0.1	0.8	1.3	1.6
France	1.8	2.1	1.3	0.7	0.6	1.8	1.8	1.9	2.2	2.3	1.9	1.9	1.6
Germany	.	1.2	1.5	0.6	0.6	1.4	1.9	1.4	1.0	1.8	1.9	1.8	2.3
Greece	.	7.9	5.4	4.5	2.1	2.9	3.7	3.9	3.4	3.0	3.5	3.3	3.0
Indonesia	9.4	8.0	6.2	58.4	20.5	3.7	11.5	11.9	6.6	6.2	10.5	13.1	6.4
Ireland	.	2.2	1.3	2.1	2.5	5.3	4.0	4.7	4.0	2.3	2.2	2.7	2.9
Israel	10.0	11.3	9.0	5.5	5.2	1.1	1.1	5.7	0.7	-0.4	1.3	2.1	0.5
Italy	5.4	4.0	1.9	2.0	1.7	2.6	2.3	2.6	2.8	2.3	2.2	2.2	2.0
Japan	-0.1	0.1	1.8	0.7	-0.3	-0.7	-0.8	-0.9	-0.2	-0.0	-0.3	0.2	0.1
Korea	4.5	4.9	4.4	7.5	0.8	2.3	4.0	2.8	3.5	3.6	2.8	2.2	2.5
Malaysia	3.4	3.5	2.7	5.3	2.7	1.5	1.4	1.8	1.0	1.5	3.0	3.6	2.0
Mexico	35.0	34.4	20.6	15.9	16.6	9.5	6.4	5.0	4.5	4.7	4.0	3.6	4.0
Netherlands	1.4	1.5	1.9	1.8	2.0	2.3	5.1	3.9	2.2	1.4	1.5	1.7	1.6
New Zealand	3.8	2.3	1.2	1.3	-0.1	2.6	2.6	2.7	1.8	2.3	3.0	3.4	2.4
Norway	2.4	1.2	2.6	2.3	2.3	3.1	3.0	1.3	2.5	0.5	1.5	2.3	0.7
Philippines	8.0	9.0	5.9	9.7	6.7	-0.2	6.8	3.0	3.6	5.9	7.6	6.3	2.8
Singapore	1.7	1.4	2.0	-0.3	0.0	1.4	1.0	-0.4	0.5	1.6	0.5	1.0	2.1
South Africa	8.7	7.4	8.6	6.9	5.2	5.3	5.7	9.2	5.9	1.4	3.4	4.6	7.1
Spain	4.6	3.6	1.9	1.8	2.2	3.5	2.8	3.6	3.1	3.1	3.4	3.6	2.8
Sweden	2.5	0.5	0.7	-0.3	0.5	0.9	2.4	2.2	1.9	0.4	0.5	1.4	2.2
Switzerland	1.8	0.8	0.5	0.0	0.8	1.6	1.0	0.6	0.6	0.8	1.2	1.1	0.7
Thailand	5.8	5.8	5.6	8.1	0.3	1.6	1.7	0.6	1.8	2.8	4.6	4.6	2.2
Turkey	89.1	80.4	85.7	84.6	64.9	54.9	54.4	45.0	21.6	8.6	8.2	9.6	8.8
United Kingdom	2.7	2.5	1.8	1.6	1.3	0.8	1.2	1.3	1.4	1.3	2.1	2.3	2.3
United States	2.8	2.9	2.3	1.5	2.2	3.4	2.8	1.6	2.3	2.7	3.4	3.2	2.9
Venezuela	60.0	99.8	50.0	35.8	23.6	16.2	12.5	22.4	31.1	21.7	16.0	13.6	18.7

Research Division

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7

Exchange Rates

Percent appreciation (+) or depreciation (-) of the U.S. dollar against the local currency

	1995	1996	1997	1998	1999	2000	2001	2002	2003	2004	2005	2006	2007
Australia	-1.3	-5.3	5.3	18.1	-2.4	11.0	12.5	-4.9	-16.7	-11.5	-3.4	1.2	-10.1
Canada	0.5	-0.7	1.6	7.1	0.1	-0.0	4.3	1.4	-10.8	-7.1	-6.9	-6.4	-5.3
Chile	-5.6	3.9	1.7	9.8	10.5	6.1	17.7	8.5	0.4	-11.8	-8.2	-5.3	-1.5
China	-3.1	-0.4	-0.2	-0.2	-0.3	0.0	-0.0	0.0	0.0	-0.0	-1.0	-2.7	-4.6
Denmark	-11.8	3.5	13.9	1.4	4.2	15.9	2.9	-5.3	-16.6	-9.0	0.1	-0.9	-8.4
Euro Area	-8.7	2.3	13.9	1.6	4.4	15.5	3.1	-5.3	-16.5	-9.0	-0.1	-0.9	-8.4
Indonesia	4.1	4.2	24.2	244.2	-21.6	7.2	21.8	-9.3	-7.9	4.2	8.6	-5.6	-0.2
Israel	0.0	6.0	8.1	10.2	8.9	-1.5	3.1	12.7	-3.9	-1.6	0.1	-0.7	-7.8
Japan	-7.9	15.6	11.3	8.0	-13.1	-5.2	12.7	3.1	-7.5	-6.7	1.8	5.6	1.2
Korea	-4.2	4.2	18.5	47.2	-15.3	-4.9	14.2	-3.2	-4.7	-3.9	-10.6	-6.8	-2.6
Malaysia	-4.4	0.3	12.0	39.3	-3.2	0.0	0.0	0.0	-0.0	0.0	-0.3	-3.2	-6.3
Mexico	90.2	18.4	4.2	15.4	4.6	-1.1	-1.2	3.4	11.7	4.6	-3.4	0.0	0.3
New Zealand	-9.5	-4.6	3.8	23.4	1.4	15.9	8.7	-9.5	-20.2	-12.4	-5.7	8.4	-11.7
Norway	-10.2	1.9	9.6	6.6	3.3	12.9	2.1	-11.2	-11.4	-4.8	-4.4	-0.5	-8.7
Philippines	-2.7	2.0	12.4	38.8	-4.4	13.1	15.4	1.2	5.0	3.4	-1.7	-6.8	-10.1
Singapore	-7.2	-0.5	5.4	12.5	1.4	1.8	3.9	-0.1	-2.7	-3.0	-1.5	-4.6	-5.2
South Africa	2.1	18.5	7.2	20.0	10.6	13.6	24.2	21.9	-28.2	-14.7	-1.4	6.4	4.2
Sweden	-7.5	-6.0	13.9	4.1	3.9	11.0	12.7	-6.0	-16.9	-9.1	1.7	-1.3	-8.4
Switzerland	-13.5	4.6	17.3	-0.1	3.7	12.5	-0.1	-7.8	-13.6	-7.6	0.3	0.6	-4.3
Thailand	-0.9	1.7	22.5	33.0	-8.3	6.2	10.7	-3.3	-3.4	-3.1	-0.1	-5.9	-15.0
Turkey	54.8	77.6	86.6	71.7	60.6	49.3	96.0	23.0	-0.4	-5.0	-5.7	6.3	-8.8
United Kingdom	-2.9	1.1	-4.7	-1.2	2.4	6.7	5.3	-4.2	-8.1	-10.8	0.7	-1.3	-7.9
United States1	-5.6	4.5	7.7	4.8	-1.6	4.9	6.0	-1.5	-12.3	-8.2	-1.9	-1.5	-5.6
Venezuela	19.0	136.1	17.1	12.0	10.6	12.3	6.5	60.4	38.4	17.7	10.5	2.7	0.0

1Percent appreciation (+) or depreciation (-) of the U.S. dollar against a group of currencies

Research Division

Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11

Short-Term Interest Rates

Annual percent

1995

1996

Instructions for the project The following pages contain annual data on interest rates, inflation rates, and percentage change in exchange rates (based on indirect quotes) for foreign countries, including the US, for the period 1995 - 2007. Each one of you is assigned to a foreign country and a six-year time period (1995-2000 or 2001-2006). Please consult the attached list to determine your assigned country and time period. Please use the attached sheets to answer the questions listed based on calculations using the data for the assigned country and the US during the assigned time period. Use geometric instead of arithmetic averages. Use exact instead of the approximate method. There is only one correct answer to these questions. You will be graded on whether or not your answers are correct. The necessary information and concepts are all from Chapter 4. I will discuss the solution techniques to these problems only during class. I will not discuss them with anyone on an individual basis outside the class. Please answer the following five questions: Q1. During the assigned time period: US dollar appreciated / depreciated (choose one) in real terms against the currency of foreign country. Q2. During the assigned period, what was the average uncovered rate of return from the US viewpoint for the foreign country? Q3. During the assigned period, what was the average uncovered rate of return from the foreign country's viewpoint? Q4. Based on your answers to questions 2 and 3, given perfect hindsight about interest rates and exchange rate changes during the assigned time period you should have: Invested/ borrowed (choose one) in the US and invested / borrowed (choose one) in foreign country. Q5. Assume that you could both borrow and invest at the average interest rates prevailing in foreign country and in the US during the assigned time period. Also assume that you have a line of credit for one million dollars in the US or an equivalent amount in foreign country. Given perfect hindsight about interest rates and exchange rate changes, please calculate your total profit in dollars using uncovered interest arbitrage during the assigned time period if you followed the strategy chosen in Q4. Work Sheet: Statistical Report Country CANADA Four-year time period 1998 1999 2000 2001 Geom Avg Inflation Rate: US 1.5 2.2 3.4 Inflation Rate: Foreign Country 1.0 1.7 2.7 2.5 Interest Rate: US 5.5 5.3 6.5 3.7 Interest Rate: Foreign Country 5.0 5.2 5.8 2.1 % Change in CD SR (Indirect quote) 7.10 0.10 % Change in CD SR (Direct quote) = [1/(1 + % change in IQ)] - 1 PPP Implications: Annual Uncovered Rate (for US) Annual Uncovered Rate (for Canada) Suggest investment strategy based on IFE: 2.8 0.00 4.3 Geometric and Arithmetic Means of Rates and Percentages If the rates for years 1, 2, 3, ... N are R1, R2, R3, .... RN , then you can calculate the arithmetic and geometric mean or averages of these rates over the N years, as follows: Arithmetic Mean Geometric Mean = = (R1 + R2 + R3 + .. + RN ) / N [(1+R1 )* (1+ R2 )* (1+ R3 ) * **(1+ RN ) ] 1/ N -1 Note, that in the geometric mean formula, the percentages are written in decimals. For example, we use 0.10 instead of 10% and -0.02 instead of -2%. Also in the end we take the Nth root of the product, where N is the number of years in the averaging period. It is important to know that the geometric mean is a more accurate measure than the arithmetic mean. Always try to use the geometric mean method when calculating averages of rate of returns or percentages. Let us assume the following rates of return for the five year period (2000-2004) : 2000 Rates of return 2001 2002 2003 2005 4.75 % -8 % 0.5 % 23% 7% Our estimate of the average rate of return over the 2000-04 period based on: Arithmetic Mean = (0.0475 - 0.08 + 0.005 + 0.23 + 0.07) / 5 = 0.0545 = 5.45% = [(1+ 0.0475)*(1 - 0.08)*(1 + 0.005)*(1 + 0.23)*(1 + 0.07) ]1/ 5 - 1 = (1.02746672)1/ 5 - 1 = 0.04973 = 4.973% 4.973 % is a more accurate measure of the average return over the 2000-04 period than 5.45% Geometric Mean International Economic Trends Reference Tables Consumer Price Index Percent change from year ago 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Australia 4.6 2.6 0.2 0.9 1.5 4.5 4.4 3.0 2.8 2.3 2.7 3.5 2.3 Austria 1.6 1.8 1.2 0.8 0.5 2.0 2.3 1.7 1.3 2.0 2.1 1.7 2.2 Canada 2.1 1.6 1.6 1.0 1.7 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.8 1.9 2.2 2.0 2.1 Chile 8.2 7.4 6.1 5.1 3.3 3.8 3.6 2.5 2.8 1.1 3.0 3.4 4.4 China 17.1 8.3 2.8 -0.9 -1.4 0.3 0.5 -0.8 1.2 3.9 1.8 1.5 4.8 Denmark 2.1 2.1 2.2 1.8 2.5 2.9 2.4 2.4 2.1 1.2 1.8 1.9 1.7 Euro Area 2.6 2.1 1.7 1.2 1.1 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 Finland 0.4 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 2.9 2.7 2.0 1.3 0.1 0.8 1.3 1.6 France 1.8 2.1 1.3 0.7 0.6 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 1.9 1.9 1.6 Germany . 1.2 1.5 0.6 0.6 1.4 1.9 1.4 1.0 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.3 Greece . 7.9 5.4 4.5 2.1 2.9 3.7 3.9 3.4 3.0 3.5 3.3 3.0 9.4 8.0 6.2 58.4 20.5 3.7 11.5 11.9 6.6 6.2 10.5 13.1 6.4 . 2.2 1.3 2.1 2.5 5.3 4.0 4.7 4.0 2.3 2.2 2.7 2.9 10.0 11.3 9.0 5.5 5.2 1.1 1.1 5.7 0.7 -0.4 1.3 2.1 0.5 5.4 4.0 1.9 2.0 1.7 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.8 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.0 Japan -0.1 0.1 1.8 0.7 -0.3 -0.7 -0.8 -0.9 -0.2 -0.0 -0.3 0.2 0.1 Korea 4.5 4.9 4.4 7.5 0.8 2.3 4.0 2.8 3.5 3.6 2.8 2.2 2.5 Malaysia 3.4 3.5 2.7 5.3 2.7 1.5 1.4 1.8 1.0 1.5 3.0 3.6 2.0 35.0 34.4 20.6 15.9 16.6 9.5 6.4 5.0 4.5 4.7 4.0 3.6 4.0 Netherlands 1.4 1.5 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.3 5.1 3.9 2.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.6 New Zealand 3.8 2.3 1.2 1.3 -0.1 2.6 2.6 2.7 1.8 2.3 3.0 3.4 2.4 Norway 2.4 1.2 2.6 2.3 2.3 3.1 3.0 1.3 2.5 0.5 1.5 2.3 0.7 Philippines 8.0 9.0 5.9 9.7 6.7 -0.2 6.8 3.0 3.6 5.9 7.6 6.3 2.8 Singapore 1.7 1.4 2.0 -0.3 0.0 1.4 1.0 -0.4 0.5 1.6 0.5 1.0 2.1 South Africa 8.7 7.4 8.6 6.9 5.2 5.3 5.7 9.2 5.9 1.4 3.4 4.6 7.1 Spain 4.6 3.6 1.9 1.8 2.2 3.5 2.8 3.6 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.6 2.8 Sweden 2.5 0.5 0.7 -0.3 0.5 0.9 2.4 2.2 1.9 0.4 0.5 1.4 2.2 Switzerland 1.8 0.8 0.5 0.0 0.8 1.6 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.1 0.7 Thailand 5.8 5.8 5.6 8.1 0.3 1.6 1.7 0.6 1.8 2.8 4.6 4.6 2.2 89.1 80.4 85.7 84.6 64.9 54.9 54.4 45.0 21.6 8.6 8.2 9.6 8.8 United Kingdom 2.7 2.5 1.8 1.6 1.3 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 2.1 2.3 2.3 United States 2.8 2.9 2.3 1.5 2.2 3.4 2.8 1.6 2.3 2.7 3.4 3.2 2.9 60.0 99.8 50.0 35.8 23.6 16.2 12.5 22.4 31.1 21.7 16.0 13.6 18.7 Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Mexico Turkey Venezuela Research Division Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7 Exchange Rates Percent appreciation (+) or depreciation (-) of the U.S. dollar against the local currency 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Australia -1.3 -5.3 5.3 18.1 -2.4 11.0 12.5 -4.9 -16.7 -11.5 -3.4 1.2 -10.1 Canada 0.5 -0.7 1.6 7.1 0.1 -0.0 4.3 1.4 -10.8 -7.1 -6.9 -6.4 -5.3 Chile -5.6 3.9 1.7 9.8 10.5 6.1 17.7 8.5 0.4 -11.8 -8.2 -5.3 -1.5 China -3.1 -0.4 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 -1.0 -2.7 -4.6 -11.8 3.5 13.9 1.4 4.2 15.9 2.9 -5.3 -16.6 -9.0 0.1 -0.9 -8.4 Euro Area -8.7 2.3 13.9 1.6 4.4 15.5 3.1 -5.3 -16.5 -9.0 -0.1 -0.9 -8.4 Indonesia 4.1 4.2 24.2 244.2 -21.6 7.2 21.8 -9.3 -7.9 4.2 8.6 -5.6 -0.2 Israel 0.0 6.0 8.1 10.2 8.9 -1.5 3.1 12.7 -3.9 -1.6 0.1 -0.7 -7.8 Japan -7.9 15.6 11.3 8.0 -13.1 -5.2 12.7 3.1 -7.5 -6.7 1.8 5.6 1.2 Korea -4.2 4.2 18.5 47.2 -15.3 -4.9 14.2 -3.2 -4.7 -3.9 -10.6 -6.8 -2.6 Malaysia -4.4 0.3 12.0 39.3 -3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0 -0.3 -3.2 -6.3 Mexico 90.2 18.4 4.2 15.4 4.6 -1.1 -1.2 3.4 11.7 4.6 -3.4 0.0 0.3 New Zealand -9.5 -4.6 3.8 23.4 1.4 15.9 8.7 -9.5 -20.2 -12.4 -5.7 8.4 -11.7 -10.2 1.9 9.6 6.6 3.3 12.9 2.1 -11.2 -11.4 -4.8 -4.4 -0.5 -8.7 Philippines -2.7 2.0 12.4 38.8 -4.4 13.1 15.4 1.2 5.0 3.4 -1.7 -6.8 -10.1 Singapore -7.2 -0.5 5.4 12.5 1.4 1.8 3.9 -0.1 -2.7 -3.0 -1.5 -4.6 -5.2 2.1 18.5 7.2 20.0 10.6 13.6 24.2 21.9 -28.2 -14.7 -1.4 6.4 4.2 -7.5 -6.0 13.9 4.1 3.9 11.0 12.7 -6.0 -16.9 -9.1 1.7 -1.3 -8.4 -13.5 4.6 17.3 -0.1 3.7 12.5 -0.1 -7.8 -13.6 -7.6 0.3 0.6 -4.3 Thailand -0.9 1.7 22.5 33.0 -8.3 6.2 10.7 -3.3 -3.4 -3.1 -0.1 -5.9 -15.0 Turkey 54.8 77.6 86.6 71.7 60.6 49.3 96.0 23.0 -0.4 -5.0 -5.7 6.3 -8.8 United Kingdom -2.9 1.1 -4.7 -1.2 2.4 6.7 5.3 -4.2 -8.1 -10.8 0.7 -1.3 -7.9 United States1 -5.6 4.5 7.7 4.8 -1.6 4.9 6.0 -1.5 -12.3 -8.2 -1.9 -1.5 -5.6 Venezuela 19.0 136.1 17.1 12.0 10.6 12.3 6.5 60.4 38.4 17.7 10.5 2.7 0.0 Denmark Norway South Africa Sweden Switzerland 1 Percent appreciation (+) or depreciation (-) of the U.S. dollar against a group of currencies Research Division Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11 International Economic Trends Reference Tables Short-Term Interest Rates Annual percent 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Australia 7.7 7.2 5.4 5.0 5.0 6.2 4.9 4.7 4.9 5.5 5.6 6.0 6.7 Canada 5.9 3.1 4.6 5.0 5.2 5.8 2.1 2.9 2.7 2.6 3.5 4.3 4.8 Chile 13.7 13.5 12.0 14.9 8.6 9.2 6.2 3.8 2.7 1.9 3.9 5.1 5.6 China 10.4 9.0 8.6 4.6 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.7 2.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 Denmark 6.1 3.9 3.7 4.1 3.3 4.9 4.6 3.5 2.4 2.1 2.2 3.1 4.3 Euro Area 6.8 5.1 4.4 4.0 3.0 4.4 4.3 3.3 2.3 2.1 2.2 3.1 4.3 Indonesia 16.7 17.3 20.0 39.1 25.7 12.5 15.5 15.5 10.6 6.4 8.1 11.4 8.0 Israel 14.4 15.3 13.4 11.3 11.4 8.8 6.5 7.4 7.0 4.8 4.3 5.5 . Japan* 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.7 Korea 12.6 12.4 13.3 15.0 5.0 5.2 4.7 4.2 4.0 3.7 3.4 4.2 4.8 5.5 6.4 6.4 6.9 3.5 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.4 2.5 3.2 3.4 48.2 32.9 22.3 27.1 24.6 17.2 13.4 8.5 7.2 7.4 9.6 7.7 7.8 New Zealand 9.0 9.3 7.7 7.3 4.8 6.5 5.7 5.7 5.4 6.1 7.1 7.5 8.3 Norway 5.5 4.9 3.7 5.8 6.5 6.7 7.2 6.9 4.1 2.0 2.2 3.1 5.0 Philippines 11.8 12.3 12.9 15.0 10.0 9.9 9.7 5.5 5.9 7.3 6.1 5.3 3.4 Singapore 2.6 2.9 4.4 5.0 2.0 2.6 2.0 1.0 0.7 1.0 2.3 3.5 2.7 13.5 15.0 15.3 16.5 12.9 10.1 9.7 11.2 10.7 7.5 6.9 7.3 9.1 Sweden 8.7 5.8 4.1 4.2 3.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.0 2.1 1.7 2.3 3.6 Switzerland 2.9 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.4 3.2 2.9 1.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.6 2.6 Thailand 10.3 12.1 21.7 2.6 1.2 1.7 2.1 1.6 1.0 1.8 3.8 4.9 3.2 Turkey 72.3 76.2 70.3 74.6 73.5 38.9 92.4 59.5 38.5 23.8 15.6 17.9 18.2 United Kingdom 6.7 6.0 6.8 7.3 5.4 6.1 5.0 4.0 3.7 4.6 4.7 4.8 6.0 United States 5.9 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.3 6.5 3.7 1.7 1.2 1.6 3.5 5.2 5.3 49.0 45.0 45.0 60.0 38.0 38.0 37.0 40.0 28.5 28.5 28.5 28.5 28.5 Malaysia Mexico South Africa Venezuela *The actual value for 2003 is 0.037; the actual value for 2004 is 0.029; the actual value for 2005 is 0.029. Research Division 10 Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis Instructions for the project The following pages contain annual data on interest rates, inflation rates, and percentage change in exchange rates (based on indirect quotes) for foreign countries, including the US, for the period 1995 - 2007. My Country is Switzerland, years I need to do is 2001-2006. Each one of you is assigned to a foreign country and a six-year time period (1995-2000 or 2001-2006). Please consult the attached list to determine your assigned country and time period. Please use the attached sheets to answer the questions listed based on calculations using the data for the assigned country and the US during the assigned time period. Use geometric instead of arithmetic averages. Use exact instead of the approximate method. There is only one correct answer to these questions. You will be graded on whether or not your answers are correct. The necessary information and concepts are all from Chapter 4. I will discuss the solution techniques to these problems only during class. I will not discuss them with anyone on an individual basis outside the class. Please answer the following five questions: Q1. During the assigned time period: US dollar appreciated / depreciated (choose one) in real terms against the currency of foreign country. Q2. During the assigned period, what was the average uncovered rate of return from the US viewpoint for the foreign country? Q3. During the assigned period, what was the average uncovered rate of return from the foreign country's viewpoint? Q4. Based on your answers to questions 2 and 3, given perfect hindsight about interest rates and exchange rate changes during the assigned time period you should have: Invested/ borrowed (choose one) in the US and invested / borrowed (choose one) in foreign country. Q5. Assume that you could both borrow and invest at the average interest rates prevailing in foreign country and in the US during the assigned time period. Also assume that you have a line of credit for one million dollars in the US or an equivalent amount in foreign country. Given perfect hindsight about interest rates and exchange rate changes, please calculate your total profit in dollars using uncovered interest arbitrage during the assigned time period if you followed the strategy chosen in Q4. Work Sheet: Statistical Report Country CANADA Four-year time period 1998 1999 2000 2001 Geom Avg Inflation Rate: US 1.5 2.2 3.4 Inflation Rate: Foreign Country 1.0 1.7 2.7 2.5 Interest Rate: US 5.5 5.3 6.5 3.7 Interest Rate: Foreign Country 5.0 5.2 5.8 2.1 % Change in CD SR (Indirect quote) 7.10 0.10 % Change in CD SR (Direct quote) = [1/(1 + % change in IQ)] - 1 PPP Implications: Annual Uncovered Rate (for US) Annual Uncovered Rate (for Canada) Suggest investment strategy based on IFE: 2.8 0.00 4.3 Geometric and Arithmetic Means of Rates and Percentages If the rates for years 1, 2, 3, ... N are R1, R2, R3, .... RN , then you can calculate the arithmetic and geometric mean or averages of these rates over the N years, as follows: Arithmetic Mean Geometric Mean = = (R1 + R2 + R3 + .. + RN ) / N [(1+R1 )* (1+ R2 )* (1+ R3 ) * **(1+ RN ) ] 1/ N -1 Note, that in the geometric mean formula, the percentages are written in decimals. For example, we use 0.10 instead of 10% and -0.02 instead of -2%. Also in the end we take the Nth root of the product, where N is the number of years in the averaging period. It is important to know that the geometric mean is a more accurate measure than the arithmetic mean. Always try to use the geometric mean method when calculating averages of rate of returns or percentages. Let us assume the following rates of return for the five year period (2000-2004) : 2000 Rates of return 2001 2002 2003 2005 4.75 % -8 % 0.5 % 23% 7% Our estimate of the average rate of return over the 2000-04 period based on: Arithmetic Mean = (0.0475 - 0.08 + 0.005 + 0.23 + 0.07) / 5 = 0.0545 = 5.45% = [(1+ 0.0475)*(1 - 0.08)*(1 + 0.005)*(1 + 0.23)*(1 + 0.07) ]1/ 5 - 1 = (1.02746672)1/ 5 - 1 = 0.04973 = 4.973% 4.973 % is a more accurate measure of the average return over the 2000-04 period than 5.45% Geometric Mean International Economic Trends Reference Tables Consumer Price Index Percent change from year ago 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Australia 4.6 2.6 0.2 0.9 1.5 4.5 4.4 3.0 2.8 2.3 2.7 3.5 2.3 Austria 1.6 1.8 1.2 0.8 0.5 2.0 2.3 1.7 1.3 2.0 2.1 1.7 2.2 Canada 2.1 1.6 1.6 1.0 1.7 2.7 2.5 2.3 2.8 1.9 2.2 2.0 2.1 Chile 8.2 7.4 6.1 5.1 3.3 3.8 3.6 2.5 2.8 1.1 3.0 3.4 4.4 China 17.1 8.3 2.8 -0.9 -1.4 0.3 0.5 -0.8 1.2 3.9 1.8 1.5 4.8 Denmark 2.1 2.1 2.2 1.8 2.5 2.9 2.4 2.4 2.1 1.2 1.8 1.9 1.7 Euro Area 2.6 2.1 1.7 1.2 1.1 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.2 2.1 Finland 0.4 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 2.9 2.7 2.0 1.3 0.1 0.8 1.3 1.6 France 1.8 2.1 1.3 0.7 0.6 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.2 2.3 1.9 1.9 1.6 Germany . 1.2 1.5 0.6 0.6 1.4 1.9 1.4 1.0 1.8 1.9 1.8 2.3 Greece . 7.9 5.4 4.5 2.1 2.9 3.7 3.9 3.4 3.0 3.5 3.3 3.0 9.4 8.0 6.2 58.4 20.5 3.7 11.5 11.9 6.6 6.2 10.5 13.1 6.4 . 2.2 1.3 2.1 2.5 5.3 4.0 4.7 4.0 2.3 2.2 2.7 2.9 10.0 11.3 9.0 5.5 5.2 1.1 1.1 5.7 0.7 -0.4 1.3 2.1 0.5 5.4 4.0 1.9 2.0 1.7 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.8 2.3 2.2 2.2 2.0 Japan -0.1 0.1 1.8 0.7 -0.3 -0.7 -0.8 -0.9 -0.2 -0.0 -0.3 0.2 0.1 Korea 4.5 4.9 4.4 7.5 0.8 2.3 4.0 2.8 3.5 3.6 2.8 2.2 2.5 Malaysia 3.4 3.5 2.7 5.3 2.7 1.5 1.4 1.8 1.0 1.5 3.0 3.6 2.0 35.0 34.4 20.6 15.9 16.6 9.5 6.4 5.0 4.5 4.7 4.0 3.6 4.0 Netherlands 1.4 1.5 1.9 1.8 2.0 2.3 5.1 3.9 2.2 1.4 1.5 1.7 1.6 New Zealand 3.8 2.3 1.2 1.3 -0.1 2.6 2.6 2.7 1.8 2.3 3.0 3.4 2.4 Norway 2.4 1.2 2.6 2.3 2.3 3.1 3.0 1.3 2.5 0.5 1.5 2.3 0.7 Philippines 8.0 9.0 5.9 9.7 6.7 -0.2 6.8 3.0 3.6 5.9 7.6 6.3 2.8 Singapore 1.7 1.4 2.0 -0.3 0.0 1.4 1.0 -0.4 0.5 1.6 0.5 1.0 2.1 South Africa 8.7 7.4 8.6 6.9 5.2 5.3 5.7 9.2 5.9 1.4 3.4 4.6 7.1 Spain 4.6 3.6 1.9 1.8 2.2 3.5 2.8 3.6 3.1 3.1 3.4 3.6 2.8 Sweden 2.5 0.5 0.7 -0.3 0.5 0.9 2.4 2.2 1.9 0.4 0.5 1.4 2.2 Switzerland 1.8 0.8 0.5 0.0 0.8 1.6 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.1 0.7 Thailand 5.8 5.8 5.6 8.1 0.3 1.6 1.7 0.6 1.8 2.8 4.6 4.6 2.2 89.1 80.4 85.7 84.6 64.9 54.9 54.4 45.0 21.6 8.6 8.2 9.6 8.8 United Kingdom 2.7 2.5 1.8 1.6 1.3 0.8 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.3 2.1 2.3 2.3 United States 2.8 2.9 2.3 1.5 2.2 3.4 2.8 1.6 2.3 2.7 3.4 3.2 2.9 60.0 99.8 50.0 35.8 23.6 16.2 12.5 22.4 31.1 21.7 16.0 13.6 18.7 Indonesia Ireland Israel Italy Mexico Turkey Venezuela Research Division Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 7 Exchange Rates Percent appreciation (+) or depreciation (-) of the U.S. dollar against the local currency 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Australia -1.3 -5.3 5.3 18.1 -2.4 11.0 12.5 -4.9 -16.7 -11.5 -3.4 1.2 -10.1 Canada 0.5 -0.7 1.6 7.1 0.1 -0.0 4.3 1.4 -10.8 -7.1 -6.9 -6.4 -5.3 Chile -5.6 3.9 1.7 9.8 10.5 6.1 17.7 8.5 0.4 -11.8 -8.2 -5.3 -1.5 China -3.1 -0.4 -0.2 -0.2 -0.3 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 -1.0 -2.7 -4.6 -11.8 3.5 13.9 1.4 4.2 15.9 2.9 -5.3 -16.6 -9.0 0.1 -0.9 -8.4 Euro Area -8.7 2.3 13.9 1.6 4.4 15.5 3.1 -5.3 -16.5 -9.0 -0.1 -0.9 -8.4 Indonesia 4.1 4.2 24.2 244.2 -21.6 7.2 21.8 -9.3 -7.9 4.2 8.6 -5.6 -0.2 Israel 0.0 6.0 8.1 10.2 8.9 -1.5 3.1 12.7 -3.9 -1.6 0.1 -0.7 -7.8 Japan -7.9 15.6 11.3 8.0 -13.1 -5.2 12.7 3.1 -7.5 -6.7 1.8 5.6 1.2 Korea -4.2 4.2 18.5 47.2 -15.3 -4.9 14.2 -3.2 -4.7 -3.9 -10.6 -6.8 -2.6 Malaysia -4.4 0.3 12.0 39.3 -3.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.0 0.0 -0.3 -3.2 -6.3 Mexico 90.2 18.4 4.2 15.4 4.6 -1.1 -1.2 3.4 11.7 4.6 -3.4 0.0 0.3 New Zealand -9.5 -4.6 3.8 23.4 1.4 15.9 8.7 -9.5 -20.2 -12.4 -5.7 8.4 -11.7 -10.2 1.9 9.6 6.6 3.3 12.9 2.1 -11.2 -11.4 -4.8 -4.4 -0.5 -8.7 Philippines -2.7 2.0 12.4 38.8 -4.4 13.1 15.4 1.2 5.0 3.4 -1.7 -6.8 -10.1 Singapore -7.2 -0.5 5.4 12.5 1.4 1.8 3.9 -0.1 -2.7 -3.0 -1.5 -4.6 -5.2 2.1 18.5 7.2 20.0 10.6 13.6 24.2 21.9 -28.2 -14.7 -1.4 6.4 4.2 -7.5 -6.0 13.9 4.1 3.9 11.0 12.7 -6.0 -16.9 -9.1 1.7 -1.3 -8.4 -13.5 4.6 17.3 -0.1 3.7 12.5 -0.1 -7.8 -13.6 -7.6 0.3 0.6 -4.3 Thailand -0.9 1.7 22.5 33.0 -8.3 6.2 10.7 -3.3 -3.4 -3.1 -0.1 -5.9 -15.0 Turkey 54.8 77.6 86.6 71.7 60.6 49.3 96.0 23.0 -0.4 -5.0 -5.7 6.3 -8.8 United Kingdom -2.9 1.1 -4.7 -1.2 2.4 6.7 5.3 -4.2 -8.1 -10.8 0.7 -1.3 -7.9 United States1 -5.6 4.5 7.7 4.8 -1.6 4.9 6.0 -1.5 -12.3 -8.2 -1.9 -1.5 -5.6 Venezuela 19.0 136.1 17.1 12.0 10.6 12.3 6.5 60.4 38.4 17.7 10.5 2.7 0.0 Denmark Norway South Africa Sweden Switzerland 1 Percent appreciation (+) or depreciation (-) of the U.S. dollar against a group of currencies Research Division Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis 11 International Economic Trends Reference Tables Short-Term Interest Rates Annual percent 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 Australia 7.7 7.2 5.4 5.0 5.0 6.2 4.9 4.7 4.9 5.5 5.6 6.0 6.7 Canada 5.9 3.1 4.6 5.0 5.2 5.8 2.1 2.9 2.7 2.6 3.5 4.3 4.8 Chile 13.7 13.5 12.0 14.9 8.6 9.2 6.2 3.8 2.7 1.9 3.9 5.1 5.6 China 10.4 9.0 8.6 4.6 3.2 3.2 3.2 2.7 2.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 Denmark 6.1 3.9 3.7 4.1 3.3 4.9 4.6 3.5 2.4 2.1 2.2 3.1 4.3 Euro Area 6.8 5.1 4.4 4.0 3.0 4.4 4.3 3.3 2.3 2.1 2.2 3.1 4.3 Indonesia 16.7 17.3 20.0 39.1 25.7 12.5 15.5 15.5 10.6 6.4 8.1 11.4 8.0 Israel 14.4 15.3 13.4 11.3 11.4 8.8 6.5 7.4 7.0 4.8 4.3 5.5 . Japan* 1.2 0.6 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.7 Korea 12.6 12.4 13.3 15.0 5.0 5.2 4.7 4.2 4.0 3.7 3.4 4.2 4.8 5.5 6.4 6.4 6.9 3.5 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.4 2.5 3.2 3.4 48.2 32.9 22.3 27.1 24.6 17.2 13.4 8.5 7.2 7.4 9.6 7.7 7.8 New Zealand 9.0 9.3 7.7 7.3 4.8 6.5 5.7 5.7 5.4 6.1 7.1 7.5 8.3 Norway 5.5 4.9 3.7 5.8 6.5 6.7 7.2 6.9 4.1 2.0 2.2 3.1 5.0 Philippines 11.8 12.3 12.9 15.0 10.0 9.9 9.7 5.5 5.9 7.3 6.1 5.3 3.4 Singapore 2.6 2.9 4.4 5.0 2.0 2.6 2.0 1.0 0.7 1.0 2.3 3.5 2.7 13.5 15.0 15.3 16.5 12.9 10.1 9.7 11.2 10.7 7.5 6.9 7.3 9.1 Sweden 8.7 5.8 4.1 4.2 3.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.0 2.1 1.7 2.3 3.6 Switzerland 2.9 2.0 1.6 1.5 1.4 3.2 2.9 1.1 0.3 0.5 0.8 1.6 2.6 Thailand 10.3 12.1 21.7 2.6 1.2 1.7 2.1 1.6 1.0 1.8 3.8 4.9 3.2 Turkey 72.3 76.2 70.3 74.6 73.5 38.9 92.4 59.5 38.5 23.8 15.6 17.9 18.2 United Kingdom 6.7 6.0 6.8 7.3 5.4 6.1 5.0 4.0 3.7 4.6 4.7 4.8 6.0 United States 5.9 5.4 5.6 5.5 5.3 6.5 3.7 1.7 1.2 1.6 3.5 5.2 5.3 49.0 45.0 45.0 60.0 38.0 38.0 37.0 40.0 28.5 28.5 28.5 28.5 28.5 Malaysia Mexico South Africa Venezuela *The actual value for 2003 is 0.037; the actual value for 2004 is 0.029; the actual value for 2005 is 0.029. Research Division 10 Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis