The following scenario is relevant to the question.John and Lan decide to set up in the restaurant business in Auckland using a two company structure. They register two companies, one (called Blue-Ribbon Dining Holdings Limited (BDHL)) to own the major assets and the other one (called Blue-Ribbon Dining Limited (BDL)) to trade. BDL will incur liabilities owed to creditors but will not have many assets and BDHL will own assets such as goodwill and equipment but will not have many debts. John and Lan are shareholders and directors for both of these companies.The business structure is set up as proposed and is successful initially. However, John has difficulty remembering how the business is set up when entering into transactions that create legal relations and often confuses the trading name, and the names of the two companies. For example a supplier to the business (Fresher Vegetables Limited (FVL)) asked for a signed order form before its first delivery to BDL. Under "customer name" on the order form John entered "Blue Ribbon Dining". He signed the order form "John (company representative)".Sometime later a number of new restaurants have now opened up in Auckland and BDL struggles to compete. This is not through any fault on behalf of John and Lan - there are simply too many restaurants operating in the same area. BDL eventually goes into liquidation. The liquidator calculates that the creditors are likely to only receive 10% of what is owed to them. However, if the assets of BDHL were included in the liquidation then the payout to the creditors of BDL would increase to 90% of what is owed to them. The liquidator also wonders if John could be held liable personally to FVL.

The liquidator concludes that the law here can be difficult and she needs more information.

Question( Please answer using New Zealand Law of Business Orgniaztion )

The principles of separate legal personality and limited liability are fundamental to company law but a number of necessary exceptions apply where the court is prepared to "lift the veil". Two of these exceptions are found within the Companies Act 1993 itself - s 25 (Use of company name) and ss 271 & 272 (Pooling of assets of related companies). Discuss these principles and the two exceptions contained within the Act including why either or both of these exceptions might be considered necessary. Also include reference to the scenario to illustrate your answer.

Two of the main goals of International Consumer Law is to set a global minimum consumer protection standard and to remove obstacles to cross-border trade. The United Nations Guidelines on Consumer Protection (UNGCP) were promulgated to provide guidance as to the minimal standards of protection within the global market. The United Nations Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD) promotes those guidelines to member states. In addition to U.N. activity, the International Consumer Protection and Enforcement Network (ICPEN) was established in 1992 to promote international protection for consumers by creating a collaborative forum to address cross-border misconduct.

The UN Guidelines are designed with the intention of providing a inspirational model. Describe the fundamental principles upon which it is based. In addition, identify the long-term goals of the ICPEN in its effort to motivate cross-border traders to engage in acceptable conduct. Describe a couple of the mechanisms that the ICPEN use to encourage compliance

Prob. 1. Let X and Y be statistically independent random variables with uniform distribution on [-2, 2] and [-1, I]. respectively. (a) Sketch the probability density functions, Jy (x) and f(y)- (b) Let Z - X - Y. Sketch the probability density function, f (=). (c) Obtain P[Z 21]. (d) Obtain E[Z]. (c) Obtain of- Prob. 2. Any point (X, Y) in the shaded area below is selected equally likely. (a) Determine the joint probability density function fry (x.y). Clearly state the domain of the joint density function. (b) Sketch the probability density function /, (x). (c) Sketch the probability density function f,(y). (d) Are X and Y independent? (e) Obtain P (-0.5