The following table gives abbreviated balance sheets and income statements for Walmart. At the end of fiscal 2017, Walmart had 2,990 million shares outstanding with a share price of $118. The company's weighted-average cost of capital was about 5%. Assume a tax rate of 35%.

Balance Sheet (figures in $ millions)
	End of Year			Start of Year
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and marketable securities	$	6,816		$	6,927
Accounts receivable		5,674			5,895
Inventories		43,843			43,106
Other current assets		3,571			2,001
Total current assets	$	59,904		$	57,929
Fixed assets:
Net fixed assets	$	114,878		$	114,238
Other long-term assets		30,100			27,018
Total assets	$	204,882		$	199,185
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	46,152		$	41,493
Other current liabilities		32,489			25,555
Total current liabilities	$	78,641		$	67,048
Long-term debt		36,885			42,078
Other long-term liabilities		11,367			12,141
Total liabilities	$	126,893		$	121,267
Total shareholders' equity		77,989			77,918
Total liabilities and shareholders equity	$	204,882		$	199,185
Income Statement (figures in $ millions)
Net sales	$	500,403		$	485,933
Cost of goods sold		373,456			361,316
Selling, general, and administrative expenses		96,041			91,833
Depreciation		10,589			10,140
Earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT)	$	20,317		$	22,644
Interest expense		2,238			2,327
Taxable income	$	18,079		$	20,317
Tax		4,600			7,111
Net income	$	13,479		$	13,206
Dividends		6,184			6,755
Addition to retained earnings	$	7,295		$	6,451

a. Calculate the market value added. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer in millions rounded to nearest whole number.)

b. Calculate the market-to-book ratio. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Round your answer to 2 decimal places.)

c. Calculate the economic value added. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer in millions rounded to nearest whole number.)

d. Calculate the return on start-of-the-year capital. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter your answer as a percent rounded to 2 decimal places.)