The following table provides selected financial information for Boeing Company and Airbus SE for the fiscal year 2023:

($ millions)	Boeing Company	Airbus SE
Net sales	$82,000	$79,000
Cost of sales	63,000	57,000
Gross profit	19,000	22,000
Operating expenses:
Selling, general, and administrative	8,000	7,000
Research and development	4,000	3,000
Operating income	7,000	12,000
Interest and other (income) expense	2,000	1,500
Interest and investment income	(700)	(500)
Earnings before provision for income taxes	5,700	11,000
Provision for income taxes	1,500	2,500
Net earnings	$4,200	$8,500

Required: a. Calculate the return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA), and return on financial leverage (ROFL) for Boeing Company and Airbus SE. Assume a tax rate of 25%. b. Disaggregate the ROA into profit margin (PM) and asset turnover (AT) for both companies. Discuss the primary factors affecting their ROA. c. Analyze the trend in research and development (R&D) expenses over the past five years. How does it impact their innovation and long-term growth? d. Evaluate the current ratio and quick ratio for Boeing Company and Airbus SE. What does it reveal about their short-term liquidity? e. Compare the interest coverage ratios for Boeing Company and Airbus SE. What insights can be drawn about their financial stability and ability to meet interest obligations?