The following were the P/E ratios of firms in the aerospace/defense industry at the end of December, 201x, with additional data on expected growth and risk: Company P/E Ratio Expected Growth

Beta Boeing 17.3 3.5% 1.10 General Dynamics 15.5 11.5% 1.25 General Motors - Hughes 16.5 13.0% 0.85 Grumman 11.4 10.5% 0.80 Lockheed Corporation 10.2 9.5% 0.85 Logicon 12.4 14.0% 0.85 Loral Corporation 13.3 16.5% 0.75 Martin Marietta 11.0 8.0% 0.85 McDonnell Douglas 62.6 13.0% 1.15 Northrop 9.5 9.0% 1.05 Raytheon 12.1 9.5% 0.75 Rockwell 13.9 11.5% 1.00 Thiokol 8.7 5.5% 0.95 United Industrial 10.4 4.5% 0.70

5 15. Estimate the average P/E ratios for this industry. Do you include all comparable firms in calculating the average? Why or why not?

16. An analyst concludes that Thiokol is relatively undervalued, because its P/E ratio is lower than the industry average. Would you agree with him/her? Explain.