The Grossman model emphasizes the important roles that education, health knowledge, and expectations about future income and health play in the choices that determine health in both the short and long runs. Education both increases the likelihood of having higher income, which is good for health, and can compensate for lower income in which of the following ways:

a. Education is associated with better health literacy, knowledge and execution of healthy diets and lifestyles

b. Education enables people to communicate better with well-educated doctors and so they learn better how to manage their own health over time

c. Education enables people to read about side effects and avoid unnecessarily risky procedures

d. All of the above

e. None of the above