The Hawthorne effect illustrates a. how group norms affect worker output. b. how studying literature classics helps workers think more critically. c. that small groups cannot function smoothly within organizations. d. how supervisors are able to shape group behavior in organizations.Affirmative action requires that employers a. hire and promote unqualified minorities. b. meet quotas for hiring minorities and women. c. ignore race and gender in making employment decisions. d. select members of underrepresented groups in preference over those from overrepresented groups, among candidates who are qualified on other criteria