The interpretation of a small P-value a) If our assumption of the population mean stated in the null hypothesis is indeed then it is very to observe a sample mean as extreme as or even more extreme than the one obtained in our statistical study. b) In other words, if we are to select one sample only, we expect such an extreme sample mean to happen by pure chance alone. But when it does happen, our extreme sample mean cast doubt on the validity of our assumption about the population mean. c) Therefore, the smaller the P-value, the stronger the evidence a. true; unlikely; do not; does; against the null hypothesis b. true; unlikely; do; does not; for the null hypothesis c. false; likely; do not; does; against the null hypothesis d. false; likely; do; does not; for the alternative hypothesis