The Journal of Public Healthpublished data on the relationship between smoking and health. They reported the cigarette consumption per adult for 21 mostly Western and developed countries, along with the coronary heart disease rate for each country. The data clearly show that coronary heart disease is highest in those countries with the highest cigarette consumption.[Landwehr, J. M., & Watkins, A. E. (1987). Exploring data: Teacher's edition. Palo Alto, CA: Dale Seymour Publications.]

Why might the sampling in this study have been limited to developed countries?

Because the health statistics for Western, developed countries were believed to be less accurate

Because Eastern countries were not believed to be of interest

Because Western, developed countries were believed to have more extensive and reliable health statistics at the time the study was performed

Because people living in Eastern or undeveloped countries were believed to be less likely to smoke at the time the study was performed

How would you characterize the two variables in terms of what we have labeled "scales of measurement"?

Cigarette consumption could be taken to be an interval scale and coronary heart disease rate could be taken to be a ratio scale.

Cigarette consumption and coronary heart disease rate could both be taken to be ratio scales.

Cigarette consumption could be taken to be a ratio scale and coronary heart disease rate could be taken to be an ordinal scale.

Cigarette consumption and coronary heart disease rate could both be taken to be ordinal scales.

If the goal is to study the health effects of smoking, how do these data relate to that overall question?

These data do not relate to the study of the health effects of smoking.

These data relate to many health effects of smoking.

These data relate to one (very important) health effect of smoking, but only one.

These data relate to all health effects of smoking.

What other variables might need to be taken into consideration in such a study?Check all that apply.

Reading level

Degree of exercise people get

Pet ownership

Cholesterol levels

It has been reported that tobacco companies are making a massive advertising effort in Asia. A few years ago only 7% of Chinese women smoked (compared to 61% of Chinese men). Which of the following would a health psychologist do to go about studying the health effects of likely changes in the incidence of smoking among Chinese women?Check all that apply.

Ignore general demographic information for the sample of women.

Record smoking behavior in the sample of women one time.

Record smoking behavior of the sample of women at regular intervals.

Associate changes in heart disease with smoking behaviors while controlling for other variables.