The Keystone pipeline transports crude oil from Hardisty, Alberta to refining markets in the U.S. Midwest and U.S. Gulf Coast. The Canadian portion runs from Hardisty east across Saskatchewan and Manitoba, before turning south and crossing the Canada-U.S. border near Haskett, Manitoba into North Dakota.

This 3,456-kilometre-long (2,147 mi) pipeline runs from Hardisty, Alberta, to the junction at Steele City, Nebraska, and on to the Wood River Refinery in Roxana, Illinois, and Patoka Oil Terminal Hub (tank farm) north of Patoka, Illinois.

Answer the following questions in detail.

1. The Keystone Pipeline runs for 2,147 mi with a daily output of 0.86 million barrels.

a. If the pipeline were to shut down, how many trucks would be needed to carry that volume? A truck can carry an average of 200-250 barrels of crude oil per trip.

b. How many rail cars would be needed to carry that volume. A rail tankcar can carry 28,600 gallons per trip.

c. Which mode would be preferred? Why? Explain in detail and support your response.

2. If the U.S. were to shut down their portion of the Keystone Pipeline where it crosses from Canada into the U.S. (1379 miles of pipeline in the U.S.), lay out how the daily volume of crude could be handled. Be specific and provide support for what you are stating. The plan must be feasible given the geography, volume, origin and destination, and more.