The Modern Pen Company.

Jane Hayvice, controller of the Modern Pen Company, was concerned about the recent financial trends in operating results.Modern Pen had been the low-cost producer of traditional BLUE pens and BLACK pens.Profit margins were over 20% of sales.

Several years earlier Dennis Smith, the sales manager, had seen opportunities to expand the business by extending the product line into new products that offered premium selling prices over traditional BLUE and BLACK pens.Five years earlier, RED pens had been introduced; they required the same basic production technology but could be sold at a 3% premium.And last year, PURPLE pens had been introduced because of the 10% premium in selling price they could command.

But Hayvice had just seen the financial results (see Exhibit 1) for the most recent fiscal year and was keenly disappointed.

The new RED and PURPLE pens do seen more profitable than our BLUE and BLACK pens, but overall profitability is down, and even the new products are not earning the margins we used to see from our traditional products.Perhaps this is the tougher global competition I have been reading about.At least the new line, particularly PURPLE pens, is showing much higher margins.Perhaps we should follow Dennis's advice and introduce even more specialty colored pens.Dennis claims that consumers are willing to pay higher prices for these speciality colours.

Jeffery Donald, the manufacturing manager, was also reflecting on the changed environment at Modern Pen:

Five years ago, life was a lot simpler.We produced just BLUE and BLACK pens in long production runs, and everything ran smoothly, without much intervention.Difficulties started when the RED pens were introduced and we had to make more changeovers.This required us to stop production, empty the vats, clean out all remnants of the previous colour, and then start the production of the red ink.Makingblack ink was simple; we didn't even have to clean out the residual blue ink from the previous run if we just dumped in enough black ink to cover it up.But for the RED pens, even small traces of the blue or black ink created quality problems.And the ink for the new PURPLE pens also has demanding specifications, but not quite as demanding as for RED pens.

We seem to be spending a lot more time on purchasing and scheduling activities and just keeping track of where we stand on existing, backlogged and future orders.The new computer system we got last year helped a lot to reduce the confusion.But I am concerned about rumours I keep hearing that even more new colours may be introduced in the near future.I don't think we have any more capability to handle additional confusion and complexity in our operations.

Operations

Modern produced pens in a single factory.The major task was preparing and mixing the ink for the different-coloured pens.The ink was inserted into the pens in a semiautomated process.A final packing and shipping stage was performed manually.

Each product had a bill of materials that identified the quantity and cost of direct materials required for the product.A routing sheet identified the sequence of operations required for each operating step.This information was used to calculate the labour expense for each of the four products. All of the plant's indirect expenses were aggregated at the plant level and allocated to products on the basis of their direct labour content.Currently, this overhead burden rate was 520% of direct labour cost.Most people in the plant recalled that not too many years ago the overhead rate was only 200%.

Activity-Based Costing

Jane Hayvice had recently attended a seminar of her professional organisations in which a professor had talked about a new concept, called activity-based costing (ABC).This concept seemed to address many of the problems she had been seeing at Modern.The speaker had even used an example that seemed to capture Modern's situation exactly.

The professor had argued that overhead should not be viewed as a cost or a burden to be allocated on top of direct labour.Rather, the organisation should focus on activities performed by the indirect and support resource of the organisation and try to link the cost of performing these activities directly to the products for which they were performed.Hayvice obtained several books and articles on the subject and soon tried to put into practice the message she had heard and read about.

Activity-Based Cost Analysis

Hayvice first identified six categories of support expenses that were currently being allocated to pen production:

EXPENSE CATEGORY

EXPENSE

Indirect labour

$25,000

Fringe Benefits

15,000

Computer systems

10,000

Machinery

9,000

Maintenance

3,000

Energy

3,000

Total

$65,000

She determined that fringe benefits were 40% of labour expenses (both direct and indirect) and would thus represent just a percentage markup to be applied on top of direct and indirect labor charges.

Hayvice interviewed department heads in charge of indirect labor and found that three main activities accounted for their work.About half of the indirect labour was involved in scheduling or handling production runs.This proportion included scheduling production orders: purchasing, preparing and releasing materials for the production run; performing a first-item inspection every time the process was changed over, and some scrap loss at the beginning of each run until the process settled down.Another 40% of indirect labour was required just for the physical changeover from one colour pen to another.

The time to change over to BLACK pens was relatively short (about 1 hour) since the previous colour did not have to be completely eliminated from the machinery.Other colours required longer changeover times; RED pens required the most extensive changeover to meet the demanding quality specification for this colour.

The remaining 10% of the time was spent maintaining records on the four products, including the bill of materials and routing information, monitoring and maintaining a minimum supply of raw materials and finished goods inventory for each product, improving the production processes, and performing engineering changes for the products.Hayvice also collected information on potential activity cost drivers for Modern's activities (see Exhibit 2) and the distribution of the cost drivers for each of the four products.Hayvice next turned her attention to the $10,000 of expenses to operate the company's computer system.She interviewed the managers of the Data Center and the Management Information System departments and found that most of the computer's time (and software expense) was used to schedule production runs in the factory and to order and pay for the materials required in each production run.

Because each production run was made for a particular customer, the computer time required to prepare shipping documents and to invoice and collect from a customer was also included in this activity.In total, about 80% of the computer resource was involved in the production run activity.Almost all of the remaining computer expense (20%) was used to keep records on the four products, including production process and associated engineering change notice information.

The remaining three categories of overhead expense (machine depreciation, machine maintenance, and the energy to operate the machines) were incurred to supply machine capacity to produce the pens.The machines had a practical capacity of 10,000 hours of productive time that could be supplied to pen production.

Hayvice believed that she now had the information she needed to estimate an activity-based cost model for Modern Pen.

EXHIBIT 1Traditional Income Statement

BLUE

BLACK

RED

PURPLE

TOTAL

Sales

$80,000

$64,000

$13,200

$3,500

$160,700

Material cost

27,500

22,000

4,560

1200

55,260

Direct labour

6,250

5,000

1,000

250

12,500

Overhead @ 520%

32,500

26,000

5,200

1,300

65,000

Total operating income

$13,750

$11,000

$2,440

$750

$27,940

Return on sales

17.19%

17.19%

18.49%

21.43%

17.39%

Exhibit 2 Direct Costs and Activity Cost Drivers

BLUE

BLACK

RED

PURPLE

TOTAL

Production sales volume (no. of units)

50,000

40,000

8,000

2,000

100,000

Unit selling price

$1.60

$1.60

$1.65

$1.75

Materials/ unit cost

$0.55

$0.55

$0.57

$0.60

Direct labor hr/unit

0.02

0.02

0.02

0.02

2,000

Machine hour/ unit

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

10,000

No. of production runs

50

50

38

12

150

Setup time/ run (hours)

4

1

6

4

Total set up time (hours)

200

50

228

48

526

Number of products

1

1

1

1

4

Required

Assume you have been hired as an independent consultant to identify and comment on several aspects of this case which are listed below (see questions, parts (a) - (f)).You should address your report to the Board of Directors of Modern Pen Company.Your report needs to include an Executive Summary.You need to support your arguments with relevant references where appropriate.The references can be drawn from internationally recognised peer reviewed journals as well.

(a)How did the market for pens change over time?What could be the forces for change?Explain in detail.

(b)Explain how management accounting change applies to this case study.Try to relate your answer to the Burns and Scapens (2000) reading.

(c)Estimate the costs for the four pen products using an activity-based approach.

(d)What are the managerial implications from the revised cost estimates?

(e)How is activity-based costing approach a superior costing method when compared to traditional costing approaches?What are the criticisms of activity-based costing approach?Explain in detail.

(f)How would you approach the setting up of an activity-based costing system for the business and what behavioural problems do you think you might encounter?