The next two questions are about the experiment described below. Answer the questions based on the description here:

Unlike in English where [s] and [] are allophones of different phonemes, they are allophones of the same phoneme in Japanese. In Japanese, there is hence one phoneme /s/. This phoneme is realized as [] before the high front vowel [i], and it is realized as [s] elsewhere.

This is why, for instance, the Japanese raw fish rolls are known as [sui]. There is a [s] before the vowel [u], but a [] before the vowel [i]. A word that has [s] before [i] or [] before any vowel other than [i] would not be a possible Japanese word. So, something like [usi] is not a possible Japanese word.

The researcher decided to investigate how this difference between the phonological grammars of Japanese and English will influence how Japanese and English listeners identify [s] and [] sounds during speech perception. She created two continua:

• Continuum 1: [su] to [u]. This continuum started with a clear acoustic [su] and ended with a clear acoustic [u]. There were 18 intermediate steps that were ambiguous between [su] and [u].
• Continuum 2: [si] to [i]: This continuum started with a clear acoustic [si] and ended with a clear acoustic [i]. There were 18 intermediate steps that were ambiguous between [si] and [i].

She played both of these continua to English and Japanese listeners. The task of the listeners was every time to identify the consonant that the token starts on -- i.e. they had to indicate whether each sound file starts on [s] or on [].

Question 1:

Which of the graphs below is most likely what the results for the English listeners of this experiment looked like?

• The vertical y-axis marks the percent [ s ] responses. 70% on this axis therefore means that the particular token was identified as begining with [ s ] 70% of the time, and hence as beginning with [ ] 30% of the time.
• The horizontal x-axis corresponds to the 20 stimuli on the continuum. It goes from the token that starts with a clear [ s ] through the 18 intermediate tokens, to the token that starts with a clear [ ].
• The broken line represents Continuum 1 ([ su ] to [ u ]) and the solid line represents Continuum 2 ([ si ] to [ i ]).

Question 2:

Which of the graphs below is most likely what the results for the Japanese listeners of this experiment looked like?

(See previous question for how to interpret the graphs.)

O 100 80 sull] sil 60 % [sresponses 40 20 0 Isl 5 10 15 Continuum from (s) to in o 100 80 sulul Isil- 60 % [sl responses 40 20 0 Is) un 10 15 Continuum from [s] to in 100 80 (su) sit 60 % [sresponses 40 20 0 0 Is! 5 in 10 15 Continuum from (s) to in o O 100 [su] (sio 80 60 % is responses 40 20 0 0 Is! 5 un 10 15 Continuum from (s) to in O 100 80 sull] sil 60 % [sresponses 40 20 0 Isl 5 10 15 Continuum from (s) to in o 100 80 sulul Isil- 60 % [sl responses 40 20 0 Is) un 10 15 Continuum from [s] to in 100 80 (su) sit 60 % [sresponses 40 20 0 0 Is! 5 in 10 15 Continuum from (s) to in o O 100 [su] (sio 80 60 % is responses 40 20 0 0 Is! 5 un 10 15 Continuum from (s) to in