1. Select a representative set of 10 words from the passage by circling them with your pen or pencil. Four score and seven years ago, our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation: conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remem- ber, what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us, that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion, that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain, that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. The authorship of literary works is often a topic for debate. For example, researchers have tried to determine whether some of the works attributed to Shakespeare were actually written by Bacon or Marlow. The field of "literary computing" examines ways of numerically analyzing authors works, looking at variables such as sentence length and rates of occurrence of specific words. The passage is, of course, Lincoln's Gettysburg Address, given November 19, 1863, on the battlefield near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. We are considering this passage a population of words, and the 10 words you selected are considered a sample from this population. In most studies, we do not have access to the entire population and can only consider results for a sample from that population, but to learn more about the process of sampling and its implications, we will now deal with a somewhat artificial scenario where we sample from this known population.