The Presidential election is approaching quickly. Prior to the election, the two major party candidates seem to be tied. After the winner is announced, Harry proclaims, "I knew she/he would win! She/He ran a great campaign." This is an example of hindsight bias. overconfidence. scientific inquiry. perceiving patterns in random events. A researcher found that individuals with low self-esteem are also likely to suffer from depression. This finding would not necessarily indicate that low self-esteem produces negative emotions because sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations. a placebo effect may be operating association does not prove causation. confounding variables may have an effect When using the case-study method, researchers need to be very cautious about the dangers of the double-blind procedure. replication. random assignment. false generalization.