The pulse oximeter is an inexpensive and non-invasive device that assesses a person's blood oxygen level ("oxygen saturation") by shining light through the skin of a finger. It is commonly used to determine whether a COVID-19 patient should be admitted to the emergency room and how much oxygen to give them. A 2020 study compared the reading from a pulse oximeter with the actual oxygen level in blood drawn from an artery, in a large sample of hospitalized patients who identified their race as Black or White. The findings are summarized in the figure below. The figure highlights the arterial oxygen saturation value 88% because of its clinical relevance in a number of medical decisions. White patients Black patients 100- 95 90- - 88 Arterial Oxygen Saturation (%) 85 ade. 80- 75- 70- 89 91 94 95 96 90 92 93 Oxygen Saturation on Pulse Oximetry (%) Select the best option from the listed choices to fill in the "BLANKS" in the following sentence: Among patients with a pulse oximeter reading of 91%, BLANK-1 of White patients and BLANK-2 of Black patients had actual arterial oxygen saturations below the 88% level. BLANK-1: less than one quarter O less than half O more than half O more than three quarters BLANK-2: o less than one quarter less than half O more than half more than three quarters Q9.2 2 Points The pulse oximeter performed worse overall for Black patients than for White patients, with data showing a tendency of the device to overestimate (inflate) the true arterial blood oxygenation level of Black patients. O underestimate (understate) the true arterial blood oxygenation level of Black patients. In the article, the researchers stated that Questions about pulse oximeter technology have been raised, given its original development in populations that were not racially diverse." To what statistical issue does this statement refer? O Blinding Nonresponse bias O Response bias The placebo effect Undercoverage Voluntary response bias O Wording effects The pulse oximeter is an inexpensive and non-invasive device that assesses a person's blood oxygen level ("oxygen saturation") by shining light through the skin of a finger. It is commonly used to determine whether a COVID-19 patient should be admitted to the emergency room and how much oxygen to give them. A 2020 study compared the reading from a pulse oximeter with the actual oxygen level in blood drawn from an artery, in a large sample of hospitalized patients who identified their race as Black or White. The findings are summarized in the figure below. The figure highlights the arterial oxygen saturation value 88% because of its clinical relevance in a number of medical decisions. White patients Black patients 100- 95 90- - 88 Arterial Oxygen Saturation (%) 85 ade. 80- 75- 70- 89 91 94 95 96 90 92 93 Oxygen Saturation on Pulse Oximetry (%) Select the best option from the listed choices to fill in the "BLANKS" in the following sentence: Among patients with a pulse oximeter reading of 91%, BLANK-1 of White patients and BLANK-2 of Black patients had actual arterial oxygen saturations below the 88% level. BLANK-1: less than one quarter O less than half O more than half O more than three quarters BLANK-2: o less than one quarter less than half O more than half more than three quarters Q9.2 2 Points The pulse oximeter performed worse overall for Black patients than for White patients, with data showing a tendency of the device to overestimate (inflate) the true arterial blood oxygenation level of Black patients. O underestimate (understate) the true arterial blood oxygenation level of Black patients. In the article, the researchers stated that Questions about pulse oximeter technology have been raised, given its original development in populations that were not racially diverse." To what statistical issue does this statement refer? O Blinding Nonresponse bias O Response bias The placebo effect Undercoverage Voluntary response bias O Wording effects
