The reason that income taxes assessed on taxable income per the tax return cannot be used as total tax expense in the financial records is due to the effect of:

a$.$ differences between generally accepted accounting procedures and federal income tax law.

b$.$ temporary differences between financial and tax records.

c$.$ permanent differences between financial and tax records.

d$.$ both permanent and temporary differences between financial and tax records.

e$.$ None of the answers provided are correct.

$11.$ Select the best answer below regarding which items require separate disclosure as components of deferred tax expense.