The reasons that shell entities provide secrecy and disguise beneficial ownership are

a.   the lack of transparency in most jurisdictions (including US states) with regard to actual or beneficial owners, directors, corporate officers, members, partners, trustees, beneficiaries and others
b.   white-collar criminals require the services of professionals such as accountants, lawyers and financial advisors or "gatekeepers" to create shell entities, layer or pyramid them together into complicated webs of anonymous entities, hide assets, evade taxes, and launder funds
c.   the layering or pyramiding of different shell entities in various jurisdictions around the globe makes an impenetrable trail for forensic investigators to follow
d.   aand b
e.   b and c
f.   a, b, and c

52. A word cloud is a

a.   type of software tool developed by Microsoft to assist forensic accountants in tracing laundered money
b.   type of software tool developed by Microsoft to assist forensic accountants in tracking cryptocurrencies used in Ponzi schemes
c.   visual representation of keywords in which the size of the each word indicates its frequency or importance
d.   None of the above.

54. Textual analytics can be applied wherever free-text fields reside. Examples of free-text fields include

a.   journal entry descriptions, time cards for hourly employees, and sales data
b.   journal entry descriptions, travel and expense descriptions

c.   accounts payable notes and descriptions
d.   band c
e.   None of the above