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The researchers for the study on diabetes and MI then stratified the data by sex and obtained the results shown below. Women Men MI Cases

The researchers for the study on diabetes and MI then stratified the data by sex and obtained the results shown below.

Women

Men

MI Cases

Controls

MI Cases

Controls

Diabetic

19

100

29

83

Non-diabetic

63

1536

147

1021

OR in women =4.63OR in men =2.43

The pooled Mantel-Haenszel odds ratio was 3.04.

a. Compute the magnitude of confounding by sex in this study, and state whether there was confounding by sex. Show your calculations.

b. Was there evidence of effect measure modification by sex in the study on diabetes and myocardial infarction? State YES or NO and provide a justification for your answer.

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