The State of Otah enacts the Mandatory Apprentices Training Act ("MATA") , which provides that all persons licensed by the State Bar to practice law are required to perform a two-year apprenticeship a condition of receiving issuance of their law license.

One week after the statute goes into effect, Winslow, a law school graduate who has applied for but not yet received a license to practice law, sues in federal court seeking a declaratory judgment that the MATA is unconstitutional. Which of the following is the clearest ground for dismissal of this action by the court?

Select one:

a. Winslow lacks standing to attack the statute.

b. The validity of the statute has not yet been determined by a state court.

c. No substantial federal question is presented.

d. The suit presents a non-justiciable political controversy.