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The thermal noise experiment involves quantitative measurements of the mean-squared voltage ( ) caused by thermal fluctuations of the electrons in a resistor. Resistance values
The thermal noise experiment involves quantitative measurements of the mean-squared voltage () caused by thermal fluctuations of the electrons in a resistor. Resistance values for this experiment (R) vary between 1 Ohm and 1 MOhm. Because is too small to measure accurately with standard voltmeters, the apparatus utilizes several low- noise amplifiers that amplify the signal to yield a measurable signal . The total gain from all amplifiers is obtained by multiplying the gain from each amplifier, G = g1*g2*... Because the measurements involve the amplitude squared, the relation between mean- squared voltages is =G2/10. Note that the units are V2, and the /10 is a consequence of the final stage (after the voltage multiplier) so it is not squared. The prediction of Nyquist's theory is that thermal fluctuations yield = 4 kTR A f, where k is Boltzmann's constant, 7 the absolute temperature (in Kelvin), and Af is the effective frequency bandwidth over which the voltages are averaged. D Question 1 2 pts You can assume that room temperature is 22 C. The absolute temperature is T = _K.Question 2 2 pts The "low-level electronics" (metal box) contains two amplifiers with gains of g1 = 6 and g2 = 100. The "high-level electronics" (wooden box) has three amplifiers with gains of 93 = 10, g4 = 10, and g5 = 9. You measure a mean-squared voltage of = 0.822 V2. The mean-squared voltage on the resistor is = (microV)2
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