The three main forms of business are sole proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. The most popular is a sole proprietorship. However, as noted in the textbook, $...$most institutional healthcare providers are corporations.$$

$1.$ What is a sole proprietorship?

What are the characteristics of this type of entity?

$2.$ What is a general partnership?

What are the characteristics of this type of entity?

$3.$ What is a joint venture?

What are the characteristics of this type of entity?

$4.$ What is a corporation? Note: Most of Chapter $3$ is focused on the corporation.

Formation and Nature of a Corporation:

$5.$ Define corporation.

$6.$ What were early corporations according to the textbook?

$7.$ What ushered in the modern corporation in the late $19$th century?

$8.$ Discuss corporations as $$persons$.$

$9.$ What is the difference between a person and an individual?

$10.$ Are corporations considered to be citizens? Why would this matter?

$11.$ How are corporations formed?

$12.$ At a minimum, what needs to be included in the $($charter$)$ articles of incorporation?

$13.$ Describe the five main advantages of a corporation.

$14.$ Where do we find the powers of a corporation? What are two main types of powers?

$15.$ What is meant by ultra vires?

$16.$ What types of hospital transactions may raise flags concerning the power of the corporation?

$17.$ What are non$-$profit $($or not$-$for$-$profit$)$ corporations? What are the characteristics of this type of corporation?

$18.$ Does merely claiming to be a non$-$profit corporation make it so$?$ What needs to be considered before that the corporation is deemed to be non$-$profit?

$19.$ How do non$-$profit corporations operate? In other words, what are the powers of such corporations?

$20.$ What are bylaws? What is the purpose of bylaws?

$21.$ Name and describe the four main responsibilities of the governing board of a healthcare institution.

$22.$ What are the governing board$$s duties?

$23.$ Discuss the duty of loyalty and of responsibility. Include the concept of fiduciary.

$24.$ How can directors and officers of a corporation protect themselves against claims against them personally? Hint: There are two main ways. As administrators, I am sure you want to know these! $$

$25.$ What are some of the main responsibilities of senior administrative positions in healthcare institutions?

$26.$ What is piercing the corporate veil? What three things must be proved to pierce that veil?

$27.$ Discuss the Helwin case. What did the court decide and what were the factors that led to that decision?

$28.$ How does the American Hospital Association $($AHA$)$ define a multihospital system? How do such systems differ from networks? What are some of the things a healthcare system includes today?

$29.$ What corporate functions are usually centralized? $($covered at headquarters$)$

$30.$ Discuss mergers $($acquisitions$)$ and consolidations

$31.$ What are ACO$$s and what does the future look like with ACO$$s$.$

$32.$ What is a joint venture? What are the pros and cons of hospital$-$physicians joint ventures?

$33.$ How did Congress replace Medicare$$s Part A cost$-$based reimbursement system in $1983?$

$34.$ What was the effect of the passage of the Balanced Budget Act of $1997$ with regards to how physicians are paid under Medicare coverage.

$35.$ Describe the second wave of physician integration.

Note: Other business entities include limited liability partnership, limited liability company, professional limited liability company, and limited partnership.

Cases to know by name and what each one represents $($what was the ruling?$)$

$$ Citizens United v$.$ Federal Election Commission Citizens $(2010)$

$$ Charlotte Hungerford Hospital v$.$ Mulvey $(1966)$

$$ Stern v$.$ Lucy Webb Hayes National Training School for Deaconesses and Missionaries $(1974)$

$$ United States v$.$ Health win$-$Midtown Convalescent Hospital

$$ Woodward, Insurance Commissioner, v$.$ Arkansas Diversified Insurance Company