- The total amount of energin the uriverse is conitant. Energ can neither be created nor destroyed, but is tranferred from one form to another. - All change ether directly or indirectly increase the etrropy of the uriverse ssystem becomes less ordered) - The ertropy of a perfectly ordered pure crystatlire substarce is zero at absolute zero S=0 at T=0 K ) G=HTS The Gibbs-Hehnto liz equation, where... - G=Gibbs free energ charge in kJ - G0 : change is nompontane ous for forward reaction spontareous for reverse - G=0 : system at equibrim - H= etthalpy change inkJ - T= absohte temperature of the system inK - S= entropychange (kJ/K)