The United States Environmental Protection Agency has defined five tiers of environmental costs. The tier-4 'relationship and image costs' are

contingent costs arising from failure to clean up contaminated sites

direct costs associated with capital expenditures, raw materials, and other operating and maintenance costs

less tangible costs relating to consumer perceptions, and employee and community relations

costs that organisations impose on the environment and society for which they may not be held legally responsible

hidden regulatory costs of monitoring and reporting environmental activities and emissions

Centralisation, one of the building blocks of organisational structure, refers to

the degree to which decision making is concentrated at the top of the organisation

the formal, position-based reporting lines and stipulations regarding who reports to whom

the degree to which a task is divided into separate jobs

how efforts of individuals and teams are orchestrated and how resources are distributed

the extent to which employee behavior is guided by rules and procedures