The WACC is used as the discount rate to evaluate various capital budgeting projects. However, it is important to realize that the WACC is an appropriate discount rate only for a project of average risk.

Analyze the cost of capital situations of the following company cases, and answer the specific questions that finance professionals need to address.

Consider the case of Turnbull Co$.$

Turnbull Co$.$ has a target capital structure of $45\%$ debt, $4\%$ preferred stock, and $51\%$ common equity. It has a before$-$tax cost of debt of $8\mathrm{.}2\%,$ and its cost of preferred stock is $9\mathrm{.}3\%.$

If Turnbull can raise all of its equity capital from retained earnings, its cost of common equity will be $12\mathrm{.}4\%.$ However, if it is necessary to raise new common equity, it will carry a cost of $14\mathrm{.}2\%.$

If its current tax rate is $25\%,$ how much higher will Turnbull$$s weighted average cost of capital $($WACC$)$ be if it has to raise additional common equity capital by issuing new common stock instead of raising the funds through retained earnings? $($Note: Round your intermediate calculations to two decimal places.$)$

$1\mathrm{.}15\%$

$0\mathrm{.}78\%$

$1\mathrm{.}06\%$

$0\mathrm{.}92\%$

Turnbull Co$.$ is considering a project that requires an initial investment of $$270,000.$ The firm will raise the $$270,000$ in capital by issuing $$100,000$ of debt at a before$-$tax cost of $10\mathrm{.}2\%,$ $$30,000$ of preferred stock at a cost of $11\mathrm{.}4\%,$ and $$140,000$ of equity at a cost of $14\mathrm{.}3\%.$ The firm faces a tax rate of $25\%.$ What will be the WACC for this project? $($Note: Round your intermediate calculations to three decimal places.$)$

Consider the case of Kuhn Co$.$

Kuhn Co$.$ is considering a new project that will require an initial investment of $$4$ million. It has a target capital structure of $45\%$ debt, $4\%$ preferred stock, and $51\%$ common equity. Kuhn has noncallable bonds outstanding that mature in five years with a face value of $$1,000,$ an annual coupon rate of $10\%,$ and a market price of $$1,050\mathrm{.}76.$ The yield on the company$$s current bonds is a good approximation of the yield on any new bonds that it issues. The company can sell shares of preferred stock that pay an annual dividend of $$9$ at a price of $$95\mathrm{.}70$ per share.

Kuhn does not have any retained earnings available to finance this project, so the firm will have to issue new common stock to help fund it$.$ Its common stock is currently selling for $$22\mathrm{.}35$ per share, and it is expected to pay a dividend of $$1\mathrm{.}36$ at the end of next year. Flotation costs will represent $3\%$ of the funds raised by issuing new common stock. The company is projected to grow at a constant rate of $8\mathrm{.}7\%,$ and they face a tax rate of $25\%.$ What will be the WACC for this project? $($Note: Round your intermediate calculations to two decimal places.$)$