The WACC is used as the discount rate to evaluate various capital budgeting projects. However, it is important to realize that the WACC is only an appropriate discount rate for a project of average risk-in other words, a project that has the same beta as the company. If a project has less risk than the overall company risk, it should be evaluated with a lower discount rate; if a project is riskier than the overall company risk, it should be evaluated using a discount rate higher than the company WACC. Analyze the cost of capital situations of the following company cases, and answer the specific questions that finance professionals need to address. Consider the case of Turnbull Co. Turnbull Co. has a target capital structure of 45% debt, 4% preferred stock, and 51% common equity. It has a before-tax cost of debt of 11.1%, ar its cost of preferred stock is 12.2%. If Turnbull can raise all of its equity capital from retained earnings, its cost of common equity will be 14.7%. However, if it is necessary to raise new common equity, it will carry a cost of 16.8%. If its current tax rate is 40%, how much higher will Turnbull's weighted average cost of capital (WACC) be if it has to raise additional common equit capital by issuing new common stock instead of raising the funds through retained earnings? (Note: Do not round your intermediate calculations.) 1.34% 1.18% 1.28% 1.07% Turnbull Co. is considering a project that requires an initial investment of $1,708,000. The firm will raise the $1,708,000 in capital by issuing $750,000 of debt at a before-tax cost of 8.7%,$78,000 of preferred stock at a cost of 9.9%, and $880,000 of equity at a cost of 13.2%. The firm faces a tax rate of 40%. What will be the WACC for this project? (Note: Do not round intermediate calculations.) Consider the case of Kuhn Co. Kuhn Co. is considering a new project that will require an initial investment of $20 million. It has a target capital structure of 35% debt, 2% preferred stock, and 63% common equity. Kuhn has noncallable bonds outstanding that mature in five years with a face value of $1,000, an annual coupon rate of 10%, and a market price of $1,050.76. The yield on the company's current bonds is a good approximation of the yield on any new bonds that it issues. The company can sell shares of preferred stock that pay an annual dividend of $9 at a price of $95.70 per share. You can assume that Jordan does not incur any flotation costs when issuing debt and preferred stock. Kuhn does not have any retained earnings available to finance this project, so the firm will have to issue new common stock to help fund it. Its common stock is currently selling for $22.35 per share, and it is expected to pay a dividend of $2.78 at the end of next year. Flotation costs will represent 3% of the funds raised by issuing new common stock. The company is projected to grow at a constant rate of 9.2%, and they face a tax rate of 40%. Determine what Kuhn Company's WACC will be for this project. \begin{tabular}{|l} \hline 10.51% \\ \hline 9.07% \\ \hline 9.55% \\ \hline 7.64% \\ \hline \end{tabular} \begin{tabular}{l} 15.89% \\ \hline 17.48% \\ \hline 18.27% \\ \hline 15.10% \end{tabular}