The Wagner Corporation has a $23 million bond obligation outstanding, which it is considering refunding. Though the bonds were initially issued at 15 percent, the interest rates on similar issues have declined to 12.1 percent. The bonds were originally issued for 20 years and have 16 years remaining. The new issue would be for 16 years. There is a 8 percent call premium on the old issue. The underwriting cost on the new $23 million issue is $580,000, and the underwriting cost on the old issue was $430,000. The company is in a 34 percent tax bracket, and it will allow an overlap period of one month (1/12 of the year). Treasury bills currently yield 5 percent. (Do not round intermediate calculations. Enter the answers in whole dollars, not in millions. Round the final answers to nearest whole dollar.)

a. Calculate the present value of total outflows.

Total outflows $ 1660824 Numeric Response 1.Edit Unavailable. 1660824 incorrect.

b. Calculate the present value of total inflows.

Total inflows $ 4808752 Numeric Response 2.Edit Unavailable. 4808752 incorrect.

c. Calculate the net present value.

Net present value $ 3147928