theory y action anxiety Timothy Judge and Ronald Douglas McGregor theory x 1. discomfort experienced as we anticipate the results of taking action in accordance with what we really think needs to be said or done 2. managers think managers employees are lazy, do not enjoy working, and will avoid expending energy on work whenever possible resulting in rigid work environments 3. managers think employees are not lazy, can enjoy work, and will put effort into furthering organizational goals resulting in employees acting in the best interest of the organization 4. believed a manager's actions toward employees is based on assumptions about employee attitudes 5. believed a leader's laissez-faire behaviors created high levels of ambiguity about employee job expectations